Anomaly Detection in Real-Time Multi-Threaded Processes Using Hardware Performance Counters

• Published in: IEEE transactions on information forensics and security Vol. 15; pp. 666 - 680
• Main Authors: Krishnamurthy, Prashanth, Karri, Ramesh, Khorrami, Farshad
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York IEEE 2020; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: Anomalies; Anomaly detection; Classifiers; cyber security; Cyber-physical systems; Embedded systems; Hardware; Hardware-in-the-loop simulation; Machine learning; Malware; Methodology; Microprocessors; Monitoring; Process control; Program processors; programmable logic controller; Programmable logic controllers; Real time; Real-time systems; resilient control; Time measurement; Time series; Time series analysis; Windows (intervals)
• ISSN: 1556-6013; 1556-6021
• DOI: 10.1109/TIFS.2019.2923577

We propose a novel methodology for real-time monitoring of software running on embedded processors in cyber-physical systems (CPS). The approach uses real-time monitoring of hardware performance counters (HPC) and applies to multi-threaded and interrupt-driven processes typical in programmable logic controller (PLC) implementation of real-time controllers. The methodology uses a black-box approach to profile the target process using HPCs. The time series of HPC measurements over a time window under known-good operating conditions is used to train a machine learning classifier. At run-time, this trained classifier classifies the time series of HPC measurements as baseline (i.e., probabilistically corresponding to a model learned from the training data) or anomalous. The baseline versus anomalous labels over successive time windows offer robustness against the stochastic variability of code execution on the embedded processor and detect code modifications. We demonstrate effectiveness of the approach on an embedded PLC in a hardware-in-the-loop (HITL) testbed emulating a benchmark industrial process. In addition, to illustrate the scalability of the approach, we also apply the methodology to a second PLC platform running a representative embedded control process.