Development of green composites from bio‐benzoxazine and epoxy copolymer reinforced with alkali‐treated pine nut shell particles

• Published in: Polymers for advanced technologies Vol. 35; no. 1
• Main Authors: Gorar, Athar Ali Khan, Zhiyi, Guo, Wang, Zhicheng, Daham, Abbas, Wang, Jun, Liu, Wen‐Bin, Wang, Jun‐yi, Derradji, Mehdi
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Chichester, UK John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 01.01.2024; Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
• Subjects: Benzoxazines; bio‐benzoxazine; composite; Composite materials; Copolymerization; Copolymers; DMA; Dynamic mechanical analysis; Finite element method; Flexural strength; Impact strength; Isotropic material; mechanical properties; Pressure molding; Storage modulus; Stress analysis; TGA; Thermal stability
• ISSN: 1042-7147; 1099-1581
• DOI: 10.1002/pat.6245

In the current study, an isothermal compression molding process was used to develop enhanced green composites made from alkali‐treated pine nut shell particles (TPS) reinforced in fully bio‐driven benzoxazine (VB) and epoxy (EP) copolymer. Reinforcement with varying weight percent (wt%) of bio‐filler enhanced the properties of composites. Composites showed a rise of 75.9 MPa, 5.8 GPa, and 5.1 kJ/m2 in flexural strength, modulus, and impact strength, respectively. Thermal stability shows that composites can endure higher temperatures and hence be classified as flame‐retardant materials. The dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) confirms that composites exhibit higher storage modulus, which was elevated to 77.6% compared to the unfilled copolymer. FTIR spectroscopy analyzed the structure of copolymerized composites. Further, finite element analysis (FEA) was observed for the prepared composites. A transversely isotropic composite material model was created with the properties of composites, and stress analysis was observed. FEA outcomes are in good agreement with experimental findings.