Novel sample treatment procedures for the determination of phosphorus in Cu‐based alloys using X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry to solve the microstructural effect issue

• Published in: X-ray spectrometry Vol. 46; no. 6; pp. 554 - 562
• Main Authors: Gorewoda, Tadeusz, Mzyk, Zofia, Anyszkiewicz, Jacek, Bilewska, Katarzyna, Cybulski, Andrzej, Malara, Szymon, Gołębiewska‐Kurzawska, Joanna, Knapik, Magdalena, Kostrzewa, Justyna, Grzegorczyk, Magdalena
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Bognor Regis Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01.11.2017
• Subjects: Alloying elements; Alloys; Calibration; Copper base alloys; Error analysis; Fluorescence; K alpha line; Micrometers; Microstructure; Phosphorus; Sample preparation; Sampling methods; Scientific imaging; Solders; Spectrometry; Spectroscopy; Thickness; X ray fluorescence analysis; X-ray fluorescence
• ISSN: 0049-8246; 1097-4539
• DOI: 10.1002/xrs.2795

The accurate analysis of hard CuP and CuPAg‐type solders using X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry is a difficult task. Surface milling, the most common sample preparation method for calibration materials, results in poor accuracy for the phosphorus analysis, as evidenced by the unacceptable values of the root mean square error. Meanwhile, the analysis of real samples provides incorrect results, and microstructural effects are the main source of error. Thus, this effect was negated by considering the information depth of the phosphorus Kα line and the microstructure size of the alloys. Phosphorus was measured using a thin layer of the sample (a thickness of several micrometers). As a result, the analyzed layer was a poor representative of the sample. Two different approaches for solving the microstructural effect issue were proposed. In the first method, the alloy was remelted under controlled conditions to obtain fine‐grain samples, which successfully limited the microstructural effects. The second solution used specially prepared thin layer samples, and the sample dissolution eliminated the microstructural effect. Using the developed sample treatment methods resulted in an improvement in the accuracy of the phosphorus calibration curves. This allowed for the correct determination of phosphorus and other alloying elements in the Cu‐based alloys with low uncertainties.