Active Bayesian Deep Learning With Vector Sensor for Passive Sonar Sensing of the Ocean

• Published in: IEEE journal of oceanic engineering Vol. 48; no. 3; pp. 1 - 16
• Main Authors: Fischer, John, Orescanin, Marko, Leary, Paul, Smith, Kevin B.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York IEEE 01.07.2023; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: Acoustics; Active learning; Bayes methods; Bayesian deep learning; Classification; Data models; Deep learning; Epistemology; Fields (mathematics); Machine learning; Monitoring; Passive sonar; Pressure field; Probability theory; Ships; Sonar; Training; Uncertainty; vector sensor
• ISSN: 0364-9059; 1558-1691
• DOI: 10.1109/JOE.2023.3252624

Multiple studies have explored and reported on using passive sonar scalar pressure fields for both biological and man-made target classification. Here, inclusion of the vector field is considered and evaluated as an input feature in the classification of ship noises. We find that the inclusion of vector field information can significantly improve the understanding of the classification model performance. Based on an analysis of the epistemic and aleatoric uncertainties of probabilistic classification models, using vector field information as additional inputs leads to an <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">F_{1}</tex-math></inline-formula> score of 0.8 in classification, comparable to scalar pressure field inputs only, but with 39% lower epistemic uncertainty in favor of utilizing the vector field component. Moreover, we verify that a similar conclusion applies to the active learning scenario, where we demonstrate the ability to utilize vector field information and epistemic uncertainty estimates to train a model that achieves an <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">F_{1}</tex-math></inline-formula> score of 0.8 while using only 23% of the overall data. The ability to decompose uncertainty into an aleatoric and epistemic component leads to additional model explainability.