The Sun–Earth connect 2: Modelling patterns of a fractal Sun in time and space using the fine structure constant

• Published in: Physica A Vol. 468; pp. 508 - 531
• Main Author: Baker, Robert G.V.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier B.V 15.02.2017
• Subjects: Climate change; Fine structure constant; Fractal bubbles; Fractal Sun; Imaginary time; Neutrino behaviour; Neutrino behaviour; Climate change; Fractal bubbles; Imaginary time; Fine structure constant; Fractal Sun
• ISSN: 0378-4371; 1873-2119
• DOI: 10.1016/j.physa.2016.10.073

Self-similar matrices of the fine structure constant of solar electromagnetic force and its inverse, multiplied by the Carrington synodic rotation, have been previously shown to account for at least 98% of the top one hundred significant frequencies and periodicities observed in the ACRIM composite irradiance satellite measurement and the terrestrial 10.7cm Penticton Adjusted Daily Flux data sets. This self-similarity allows for the development of a time–space differential equation (DE) where the solutions define a solar model for transmissions through the core, radiative, tachocline, convective and coronal zones with some encouraging empirical and theoretical results. The DE assumes a fundamental complex oscillation in the solar core and that time at the tachocline is smeared with real and imaginary constructs. The resulting solutions simulate for tachocline transmission, the solar cycle where time-line trajectories either ‘loop’ as Hermite polynomials for an active Sun or ‘tail’ as complementary error functions for a passive Sun. Further, a mechanism that allows for the stable energy transmission through the tachocline is explored and the model predicts the initial exponential coronal heating from nanoflare supercharging. The twisting of the field at the tachocline is then described as a quaternion within which neutrinos can oscillate. The resulting fractal bubbles are simulated as a Julia Set which can then aggregate from nanoflares into solar flares and prominences. Empirical examples demonstrate that time and space fractals are important constructs in understanding the behaviour of the Sun, from the impact on climate and biological histories on Earth, to the fractal influence on the spatial distributions of the solar system. The research suggests that there is a fractal clock underpinning solar frequencies in packages defined by the fine structure constant, where magnetic flipping and irradiance fluctuations at phase changes, have periodically impacted on the Earth and the rest of the solar system since time immemorial. •A fractal Sun results from fine structure constant mapping over its life.•It explains the exponential heating of the corona from nanoflare supercharging.•Shearing at the tachocline creates fractal bubbles with neutrino oscillations.•Bubbles are described as quaternions and imaginary solutions must not be discarded.•Loop and tail phase boundaries correlate with major climate events on Earth.