A Low-Profile, Risley-Prism-Based, Beam-Steerable Antenna Employing a Single Flat Prism

• Published in: IEEE transactions on antennas and propagation Vol. 70; no. 8; pp. 6646 - 6658
• Main Authors: Zhang, Zongtang, Zhong, Yi Chen, Luyen, Hung, Booske, John H., Behdad, Nader
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York IEEE 01.08.2022; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: Antenna arrays; Antenna feeds; Antennas; Apertures; Beam steering; Diameters; holographic; Holography; Laser beams; Leaky wave antennas; Leaky waves; Lenses; periodic structures; Phase shifters; phase-shifting surface (PSS); Risley prism; Scanning; Steerable antennas
• ISSN: 0018-926X; 1558-2221
• DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2022.3161562

We present a low-profile, mechanically beam-steerable antenna that implements the Risley prism beam-steering concept using only a single flat prism. The proposed antenna achieves 2-D beam steering and consists of two parts: a holographic leaky-wave antenna and a phase-shifting surface (PSS) that acts as a flat prism. The lower holographic leaky-wave antenna acts as the feed for the prism and provides a phase-shifting gradient over its output aperture. When paired with the flat prism, the system can provide 2-D beam steering by mechanically rotating the two layers against each other. Unlike conventional Risley-prism-based beam-steerable antennas, the proposed approach results in a very low-profile antenna and does not need spatial illumination of a two-prism system with a separate feed antenna. The flat prism is implemented using a PSS consisting of low-pass, hexagonal-shaped, spatial phase shifters. A prototype antenna with an overall thickness of only <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">1.1\lambda _{0} </tex-math></inline-formula> at 10 GHz was designed, fabricated, and experimentally characterized. Measurement results agree well with theoretical predictions and both show wide-angle beam scanning ranging from 0° to 57° in the elevation plane and 0° to 360° in the azimuth plane. The proposed antenna system has an equivalent aperture diameter of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">7.1\lambda _{0} </tex-math></inline-formula> and a measured peak gain of 22.3 dBc at 10 GHz corresponding to an aperture efficiency of 34.5%. The proposed concept is expected to be useful in designing low-profile, beam-steerable antennas in which the scanning speed can be traded off to reduce system complexity.