Audibility of Group-Delay Equalization

• Published in: IEEE/ACM transactions on audio, speech, and language processing Vol. 29; pp. 2189 - 2201
• Main Authors: Liski, Juho, Makivirta, Aki, Valimaki, Vesa
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Piscataway IEEE 2021; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: Acoustic signal processing; audio systems; delay systems; Delays; Equalization; Frequency ranges; Group delay; Headphones; IIR filters; Licenses; Loudspeakers; Phase distortion; psychoacoustics; Sound; Sound filters; Speech processing; Thresholds; Time-frequency analysis
• ISSN: 2329-9290; 2329-9304
• DOI: 10.1109/TASLP.2021.3087969

This paper discusses the audibility of group-delay variations. Previous research has found limits of audibility as a function of frequency for different test signals, but extracting the tolerance for group delay to help audio reproduction system designers is hard. This study considers four critical test signals, three synthetic and one recorded, modified with digital allpass filters. The signals are filtered to produce a positive or negative group-delay peak covering the most sensitive frequency range from 500 Hz to 4 kHz, without changing the delay at other frequencies. ABX listening tests using headphones reveal the audibility thresholds for each signal. The perception is highly dependent on the signal, and the unit impulse and pink impulse are the most critical test signals. Negative group-delay variations are more easily audible than positive ones. The smallest mean threshold for the negative group delay was <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">-</tex-math></inline-formula>0.56 ms and 0.64 ms for the positive group delay, obtained with a pink impulse. The thresholds are smaller than those obtained in previous studies. A synthetic hi-hat sound decaying 60 dB in 80 ms hides a positive group-delay variation. The variation is more difficult to hear in a recorded castanet sound than in the most critical synthetic signals. This work demonstrates how the group-delay response of headphones and loudspeakers can be perceptually tested, and leads to a better understanding of how audio systems should be equalized to avoid audible group-delay distortion.