Copper oxide particle emission and the spread in a public washroom from a high-speed jet air dryer

• Published in: Journal of hazardous materials Vol. 462; p. 132808
• Main Authors: Gao, Zilong, Li, Yuguo, Duanmu, Lin, Zhang, Tengfei (Tim)
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier B.V 15.01.2024
• Subjects: Air jet hand dryer; Airborne particles; High-efficiency particulate air filters; Inhalation exposure; Particle emission rate; Airborne particles; Inhalation exposure; High-efficiency particulate air filters; Particle emission rate; Air jet hand dryer
• ISSN: 0304-3894; 1873-3336
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132808

The high-speed jet discharged by hand dryers with brushed motors may release hazardous particles. In this study, the particles released from the hand dryer were trapped using high-efficiency particulate air filters for chemical composition analysis in a small test room. A manikin was placed to mimic a user standing in front of the dryer. Number and mass concentrations of the released particles were measured to estimate the particle emission rates and inhalation exposure. The particle emission rate reached 2.64 × 106 particles/s when starting the dryer. The released particles were found to contain a copper element, subsequently extrapolated to copper oxide. Secondly, in the large test room, jet airflows were measured using a three-dimensional ultrasonic anemometer. The results revealed that the horizontally placed palms caused the discharged jets to bend toward the human body, resulting in an upward motion of the air into the breathing zone. After running the dryer for 30 s, the peak mass concentration in the breathing zone for particles with a less than 2.5-μm diameter was 13.1 µg/m3. Installing high-efficiency particulate air filters to the air outlets of hand dryers was found to be effective in minimizing the exposure to CuO. [Display omitted] •Induced airflows from a hand dryer were measured.•The chemical compositions of the self-generated particles were analyzed.•The self-generated particle emission rates and spectra were reported.•Installing HEPA filters to the air outlets of hand dryers is recommended.