The Evaluation of Iron Deficiency and Iron Overload

• Published in: Deutsches Ärzteblatt international Vol. 118; no. 49; pp. 847 - 856
• Main Authors: Gattermann, Norbert, Muckenthaler, Martina U, Kulozik, Andreas E, Metzgeroth, Georgia, Hastka, Jan
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Germany Deutscher Arzte Verlag 10.12.2021
• Subjects: Anemia; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency - complications; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency - diagnosis; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency - genetics; Continuing Medical Education; Female; Humans; Iron - analysis; Iron - metabolism; Iron Deficiencies; Iron Overload - diagnosis; Iron Overload - etiology; Iron Overload - metabolism
• ISSN: 1866-0452
• DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.m2021.0290

In the western world, 10-15% of women of child-bearing age suffer from iron-deficiency anemia. Iron overload due to chronic treatment with blood transfusions or hereditary hemochromatosis is much rarer. This review is based on pertinent publications retrieved by a selective search on the pathophysiology, clinical features, and diagnostic evaluation of iron deficiency and iron overload. The main causes of iron deficiency are malnutrition and blood loss. Its differential diagnosis includes iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia (IRIDA), a rare congenital disease in which the hepcidin level is pathologically elevated, as well as the more common anemia of chronic disease (anemia of chronic inflammation), in which increased amounts of hepcidin are formed under the influence of interleukin-6 and enteric iron uptake is blocked as a result. Iron overload comes about through long-term transfusion treatment or a congenital disturbance of iron metabolism (hemochromatosis). Its diagnostic evaluation is based on clinical and laboratory findings, imaging studies, and specific mutation analyses. Our improving understanding of the molecular pathophysiology of iron metabolism aids in the evaluation of iron deficiency and iron overload and may in future enable treatment not just with iron supplementation or iron chelation, but also with targeted pharmacological modulation of the hepcidin regulatory system.