Reciprocal redox interactions of lithium cobalt oxide nanoparticles with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and glutathione (GSH): toward a mechanistic understanding of nanoparticle-biological interactions

• Published in: Environmental science. Nano Vol. 8; no. 6; pp. 1749 - 176
• Main Authors: Henke, Austin H, Laudadio, Elizabeth D, Hedlund Orbeck, Jenny K, Tamijani, Ali Abbaspour, Hoang, Khoi Nguyen L, Mason, Sara E, Murphy, Catherine J, Feng, Z. Vivian, Hamers, Robert J
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Cambridge Royal Society of Chemistry 17.06.2021
• Subjects: Adenine; Analytical methods; Aqueous environments; Batteries; Binding; Biomolecules; Calibration; Carbon dioxide; Cathodes; Chelation; Chemical composition; Cobalt; Cobalt oxides; Computer applications; Control; Experiments; Fluorescence; Glutathione; Heavy metals; Homeostasis; Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; Ions; Lithium; Lithium compounds; Mass spectrometry; Mass spectroscopy; Metal oxides; Molecular structure; NAD; NADH; Nanomaterials; Nanoparticles; Nanotechnology; Nicotinamide; Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; Oxidation; Oxidoreductions; Photoelectron spectroscopy; Photoelectrons; Rechargeable batteries; Redox properties; Redox reactions; Reducing agents; Solubilization; Spectra; Valence; X ray spectra; X rays
• ISSN: 2051-8153; 2051-8161
• DOI: 10.1039/d0en01221a

Among high-valence metal oxides, LiCoO 2 and related materials are of environmental importance because of the rapidly increasing use of these materials as cathodes in lithium ion batteries. Understanding the impact of these materials on aqueous environments relies on understanding their redox chemistry because Co release is dependent on oxidation state. Despite the critical role that redox chemistry plays in cellular homeostasis, the influence of specific biologically relevant electron transporters such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and glutathione (GSH) on the transformation of engineered nanoparticles has not been widely considered previously. Here we report an investigation of the interaction of LiCoO 2 nanoparticles with NADH and GSH. Measurements of Co release using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) show that exposing LiCoO 2 nanoparticles to either NADH or GSH increases solubilization of cobalt, while corresponding spectroscopic measurements show that NADH is concurrently oxidized to NAD + . To demonstrate that these effects are a consequence of the high-valence Co( iii ) in LiCoO 2 nanoparticles, we performed control experiments using Co( ii )-containing Co(OH) 2 and LiCoPO 4 , and dissolved Co 2+ /Li + ions. Additional experiments using molecules of similar structure to NADH and GSH, but that are not reducing agents, confirm that these transformations are driven by redox reactions and not by chelation effects. Our data show that interaction of LiCoO 2 with NADH and GSH induces the release of Co 2+ ions and alters the redox state of these biologically important transporters. Observation of NADH binding to LiCoO 2 using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) suggests a surface catalyzed reaction. The reciprocal reduction of LiCoO 2 to enable release of Co 2+ and corresponding oxidation of NADH and GSH as model redox-active biomolecules has implications for understanding the biological impacts of high-valence metal oxide nanomaterials. NADH and GSH reduce Co in LiCoO 2 nanoparticles to enhance ion release and the nanoparticles oxidize NADH in model media. This poses two routes of toxicity for high-valent oxides: enhanced release of toxic metals and disruption of cell redox state.