A Highly Sensitive Inclusion Complex Based Spectrofluorimetric Method for the Determination of Certain Sodium Glucose Cotransporter‐2 Inhibitors: Greenness Assessment and Application to Different Biological Fluids

• Published in: Luminescence (Chichester, England) Vol. 39; no. 10; pp. e4917 - n/a
• Main Authors: Rushdy, Doaa H., Atia, Noha N., Ali, Marwa F. B., El‐Gizawy, Samia M.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01.10.2024
• Subjects: Aqueous solutions; Benzhydryl Compounds - analysis; Benzhydryl Compounds - chemistry; beta-Cyclodextrins - chemistry; Cyclodextrin; Cyclodextrins; dapagliflozin; Detection limits; Emission measurements; empagliflozin; Environmental impact; Epidermal growth factor; Fluids; Fluorescence; Glucose; Glucosides - analysis; Green Chemistry Technology; greenness evaluation; Humans; inclusion complex spectrofluorimetry; Inclusion complexes; Inhibitors; Mathematical analysis; Reagents; Sodium; Sodium-glucose cotransporter; Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors - analysis; Spectrofluorimetry; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; β‐cyclodextrin; empagliflozin; β‐cyclodextrin; greenness evaluation; inclusion complex spectrofluorimetry; dapagliflozin
• ISSN: 1522-7235; 1522-7243; 1522-7243
• DOI: 10.1002/bio.4917

ABSTRACT This study introduces a remarkably simple, green, and highly sensitive inclusion complex based spectrofluorimetric method for analyzing two sodium glucose cotransporter‐2 (SGLT2) inhibitors: empagliflozin (EGF) and dapagliflozin (DGF). The method utilizes beta‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) complexation to enhance the native fluorescence of EGF and DGF in aqueous solutions, resulting in 11.0‐fold and 9.0‐fold intensity increases, respectively. Fluorescence measurements were conducted at 301 nm emission following 230 nm excitation for both drugs. The method demonstrates excellent linearity (0.9994 for EGF and 0.9993 for DGF) over concentration ranges of 5.0–250.0 ng/mL and 10.0–300.0 ng/mL, with low detection limits of 1.05 and 1.38 ng/mL for EGF and DGF, respectively. The method's versatility was validated through successful application in pharmaceutical formulations, content uniformity testing, and biological fluids. This eco‐friendly approach primarily uses water as a solvent and requires minimal reagents. The method's environmental impact was comprehensively evaluated using the analytical eco‐scale, green analytical procedure index (GAPI), and analytical greenness metric (AGREE). Beta‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) enhances fluorescence of empagliflozin (EGF) and dapagliflozin (DGF). Simple, economical, and green method with excellent sensitivity and linearity. Applied to pharmaceutical formulations, biological fluids, and content uniformity testing.