Prevalence of Gabapentinoids and Central Nervous System Depressant Drugs, and Their Association with Risk Factors for Respiratory Depression in Primary Care Patients

• Published in: Clinical drug investigation Vol. 42; no. 5; pp. 417 - 426
• Main Authors: Fernández-Liz, Eladio, Barceló-Colomer, Maria Estrella, Gómez-Ganda, Laura, Varon-Galcera, Carlota, Lalueza-Broto, Pilar, Medel-Rebollo, Francisco Javier, Hortelano-García, Maria Angeles, Martín-Gracia, Elisabeth
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Cham Springer International Publishing 01.05.2022; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Age groups; Chronic illnesses; Drug dosages; Fibromyalgia; Gender; Institutionalization; Internal Medicine; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Morbidity; Narcotics; Nervous system; Original Research Article; Patients; Pharmacology/Toxicology; Pharmacotherapy; Polypharmacy; Population; Prescription drugs; Primary care; Respiratory diseases; Restless legs syndrome; Risk factors
• ISSN: 1173-2563; 1179-1918
• DOI: 10.1007/s40261-022-01144-8

Background and objectives Warnings have been published regarding an increased risk of severe respiratory depression in patients receiving gabapentinoids either alone or in combination with opioids and/or anxiolytics/hypnotics, especially in individuals with a respiratory risk factor. The aim is to report the prevalence of the use of gabapentinoids alone and associated with central nervous system depressant drugs, and possible associated risk factors for respiratory depression, in order to identify the most fragile population and establish intervention strategies. Methods We performed a cross-sectional study using computerized prescription records from the northern area of Barcelona at Catalan Institute of Health for 363,007 inhabitants registered during 2021. Patients aged ≥ 18 years with one or more gabapentinoid prescription were included. Age, gender, polypharmacy, adjusted morbidity groups, quantity of chronic diseases, and the number of consultations per year were independent variables. Four age categories were defined (18–64 years, then 64–74, 75–84, and those aged 85 years or older). Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed. Level of statistical significance was 5% ( p  ≤ 0.05). For the analysis, the SPSS program (version 22) was employed. Results Of the study sample, 9218 were prescribed gabapentidoids. Overall prevalence of use was 3.0% (women 3.6%, men 2.4%). On the whole, women used more drugs than men. In contrast to their younger counterparts, consumption increased 2.6 times, 3.8 times, and 4.0 times in the 65–74 age group, 75–84 age group, and those aged ≥ 85 years, respectively. Mean age was 65.59 (±15.80) years. Polypharmacy (5–9 drugs) was present in 41.7% of the patients and extreme polypharmacy (≥ 10 drugs) was present in 39.3% of the patients. Regarding renal function, 2396 patients (25.9%) had glomerular filtration that required dose adjustment (76.1% with gabapentin and 23.8% with pregabalin). In 141 patients (5.9%), a total daily dose higher than that authorized (109 with gabapentin, 29 with pregabalin) had been prescribed. The prescription of gabapentinoids combined with opioids and/or anxiolytics/hypnotics was significantly associated with (i) polypharmacy (5–9 drugs, OR: 3.42 [95% CI 3.00–3.88]; ≥ 10 drugs, OR 8.72 [95% CI 7.42–10.25]); (ii) quantity of chronic diseases, OR: 1.14 (95% CI 1.11–1.17); (iii) augmented number of consultations/year, OR: 1.01 (95% CI 1.00–1.01); (iv) female gender, OR: <  1 for men, OR: 0.66 (95% CI 0.60–0.73); (v) being elderly: 65–74 years, OR: 0.71 (95% CI 0.62–0.81); 75–84 years, OR: 0.62 (95% CI 0.54–0.71); ≥85 years, OR: 0.68 (95% CI 0.58–0.81); and (vi) adjusted morbidity groups, OR: 0.90 (95% CI 0.88–0.92), ( p  <  0.0001). Conclusion Exposure to gabapentinoids occurs in a non-negligible percentage of the population. Greater numbers of combinations of gabapentinoids and opioids and/or anxiolytics/hypnotics were associated with polypharmacy, quantity of chronic diseases, and augmented number of consultations, but not with male gender, older age, and adjusted morbidity groups.