Evaluation the toxicity of gold nanoparticles derived fungal biomass and plant materials through chemical and green methodologies

• Published in: Biomass conversion and biorefinery Vol. 14; no. 11; pp. 12027 - 12039
• Main Authors: Tyagi, Pankaj Kumar, Gupta, Dhriti, Tyagi, Shruti, Yadav, Rajkumar
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01.06.2024; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Absorption; Biocompatibility; Biomass; Biotechnology; Chemical synthesis; Data acquisition; Energy; Fruit flies; Fungi; Gold; In vitro methods and tests; In vivo methods and tests; Insects; Nanoparticles; Original Article; Prebiotics; Probiotics; Pupae; Renewable and Green Energy; Toxicity; Zeta potential; AuNPs synthesis; Percentage inhibition; Reproductive fitness-related traits; Probiotic cultures; Fungal biomass; Toxtrak test; Longevity; Egg laying capability
• ISSN: 2190-6815; 2190-6823
• DOI: 10.1007/s13399-023-04100-4

In this study, the gold nanoparticles synthesized from chemical (CH-AuNPs) and green methodologies from Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (HRS) leaves extracts (HRS-Bio-AuNPs) and Trichoderma reesei (TR) fungal biomass (TR-Bio-AuNPs). The TR-Bio-AuNPs displayed an absorption peak at 527 nm, HRS-Bio-AuNPs at 525 nm. On the other hand, the CH-AuNPs displayed an absorption peak at 530 nm. The zeta potentials of −17.00 mV and −16.10 mV, respectively of the HRS-Bio-AuNPs and TR-Bio-AuNPs solutions had single peaks indicating the presence of repulsion between the synthesized NPs, whereas CH-AuNPs solutions possessed −19.10 mV zeta potential. Using a transmission electron microscope (TEM), the average size 42.48 nm, 22.60 nm and 16.33 nm was observed in CH-AgNPs, HRS-AuNPs, and TR-AuNPs respectively; they were evenly disseminated with no significant aggregation. Furthermore, assess the toxicity in percentage inhibition (% PI) as in vitro by applying toxtrak test against prebiotic and probiotic cultures and the % PI values of HRS-Bio-AuNPs (19.60%) and TR-Bio-AuNPs (15.76%) and CH-AuNPs (33.43%) were obtained and clearly demonstrate their non-toxic behavior treated against prebiotic and probiotic bacterial cultures. The effects of CH-AuNPs, HRS-Bio-AuNPs, and TR-Bio-AuNPs were also evaluated using an in vivo technique on Drosophila egg laying capability (eggs/fly/day was 61.89, 62.79, and 63.19 respectively), emergence of flies from pupa (number of fly out of 100 pupa were obtained, 98.49, 99.09, and 99.59 respectively) and the life span (the survival rate of fly was 66, 69, and 70 days respectively). According to the data acquired, there were no significant differences were observed between any of the groups. Overall, we can say that TR-Bio-AuNPs made from fungus biomass have the best qualities, are safe, eco-friendly and have no adverse effects on prebiotic or probiotic bacterial cultures or the reproductive fitness-related traits of Drosophila melanogaster . The next possibility is HRS-Bio-AuNPs, followed by CH-AuNPs as the choices.