Photocatalytic solar hydrogen production from water on a 100-m2 scale

• Published in: Nature (London) Vol. 598; no. 7880; pp. 304 - 307
• Main Authors: Nishiyama, Hiroshi, Yamada, Taro, Nakabayashi, Mamiko, Maehara, Yoshiki, Yamaguchi, Masaharu, Kuromiya, Yasuko, Nagatsuma, Yoshie, Tokudome, Hiromasa, Akiyama, Seiji, Watanabe, Tomoaki, Narushima, Ryoichi, Okunaka, Sayuri, Shibata, Naoya, Takata, Tsuyoshi, Hisatomi, Takashi, Domen, Kazunari
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London Nature Publishing Group UK 14.10.2021; Nature Publishing Group
• Subjects: 639/301/299/890; 639/4077/4072/4062; 639/4077/909/4101/4102; Alternative energy; Aluminum; Bubbles; Carbon neutrality; Carbon sources; Climate and human activity; Efficiency; Electrolysis; Electrolytic cells; Energy conversion; Energy conversion efficiency; Energy demand; Energy sources; Gas separation; Gases; Glass; Human influences; Humanities and Social Sciences; Hydrogen; Hydrogen production; Hydrogen-based energy; multidisciplinary; Nanoparticles; Nuclear safety; Optimization; Oxygen; Photocatalysis; Photovoltaic cells; Product safety; Radiation; Reactors; Science; Science (multidisciplinary); Solar cells; Solar energy; Strontium; Strontium titanates; Sunlight; Systems design; Water splitting
• ISSN: 0028-0836; 1476-4687
• DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03907-3

The unprecedented impact of human activity on Earth’s climate and the ongoing increase in global energy demand have made the development of carbon-neutral energy sources ever more important. Hydrogen is an attractive and versatile energy carrier (and important and widely used chemical) obtainable from water through photocatalysis using sunlight, and through electrolysis driven by solar or wind energy 1 , 2 . The most efficient solar hydrogen production schemes, which couple solar cells to electrolysis systems, reach solar-to-hydrogen (STH) energy conversion efficiencies of 30% at a laboratory scale 3 . Photocatalytic water splitting reaches notably lower conversion efficiencies of only around 1%, but the system design is much simpler and cheaper and more amenable to scale-up 1 , 2 —provided the moist, stoichiometric hydrogen and oxygen product mixture can be handled safely in a field environment and the hydrogen recovered. Extending our earlier demonstration of a 1-m 2 panel reactor system based on a modified, aluminium-doped strontium titanate particulate photocatalyst 4 , we here report safe operation of a 100-m 2 array of panel reactors over several months with autonomous recovery of hydrogen from the moist gas product mixture using a commercial polyimide membrane 5 . The system, optimized for safety and durability, and remaining undamaged on intentional ignition of recovered hydrogen, reaches a maximum STH of 0.76%. While the hydrogen production is inefficient and energy negative overall, our findings demonstrate that safe, large-scale photocatalytic water splitting, and gas collection and separation are possible. To make the technology economically viable and practically useful, essential next steps are reactor and process optimization to substantially reduce costs and improve STH efficiency, photocatalyst stability and gas separation efficiency. Carbon-neutral hydrogen can be produced through photocatalytic water splitting, as demonstrated here with a 100-m 2 array of panel reactors that reaches a maximum conversion efficiency of 0.76%.