Comprehensive Thermodynamic Performance Evaluation of Various Gas Liquefaction Cycles for Cryogenic Energy Storage

• Published in: Sustainability Vol. 15; no. 24; p. 16906
• Main Authors: Kılıç, Muhsin, Altun, Ayse Fidan
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 01.12.2023
• Subjects: Alternative energy sources; Comparative analysis; Compressed air; Efficiency; Electricity; Energy consumption; Energy industry; Energy management systems; Energy storage; Gases; Heat; Hydrogen; Natural gas; Nitrogen; Technology; Temperature; Thermodynamics
• ISSN: 2071-1050; 2071-1050
• DOI: 10.3390/su152416906

This paper conducts comparative thermodynamic analysis and performance evaluations of various gas liquefaction configurations. The four most common liquefaction systems (Linde–Hampson, Kapitza, Heylandt, and Claude) were considered. The isothermal and multi-stage isentropic compression processes were evaluated and compared as actual compression processes. Thermodynamic evaluation is based on the energy required to compress a unit mass of gas, the liquefied air mass flow rate, and the exergetic efficiency. The modeling results show that three-stage compression cycles retain lower energy requirements. Increasing the compression stage from one to two for all the processes decreases the energy requirement by 34 to 38%. Changing the compression stage number from two to three reduces the energy requirement by 13%. The compression pressure and expander flow rate ratio significantly affect the liquefied air mass flow rate. Hence, a parametric analysis was conducted to obtain the best operating conditions for each considered cycle. Depending on the compression pressure, the optimum expander flow rate values of the Claude, Kapitza, and Heylandt cycles change from 0.65 to 0.5, 0.65 to 0.55, and 0.35 to 0.30, respectively. For the optimum cases, the Claude, Kapitza, and Heylandt cycles result in liquid yields that are about 2.5, 2.2, and 1.6 times higher than that of the Linde–Hampson cycle. The Claude cycle is the best operating cycle for all the considered performance metrics. Moreover, the performances of the Linde–Hampson and Claude cycles are investigated for various gases. Under the same operating conditions, the results show that better performance parameters are obtained with the gases that have relatively high normal boiling temperatures.