Analysis of Ru(II) complexes: DNA/HSA binding, antioxidant, antimicrobial properties, and cytotoxic effects

• Published in: Inorganic chemistry communications Vol. 180; p. 115038
• Main Authors: Joshi, Bhumika, Shivashankar, Murugesh
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier B.V 01.10.2025
• Subjects: Anti-microbial activity; DNA/HSA binding; DPPH assay; MDA-MB-231 cells; Ruthenium metal complexes; DNA/HSA binding; Anti-microbial activity; MDA-MB-231 cells; Ruthenium metal complexes; DPPH assay
• ISSN: 1387-7003
• DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2025.115038

Ruthenium metal complexes are known for their various biological effects, especially for their ability to fight cancer. This research focused on examining two ruthenium complexes, namely ruthenium p-cymene (POFR) and ruthenium triphenylphosphine (POFRP), which were created ligand 2-(4-(difluoromethoxy) phenyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline (POF). Advanced analytical and spectroscopic techniques, such as NMR, FT-IR, and HRMS, were used to extensively analyze and study the complexes, confirming their structure and composition. The stability of both complexes was assessed in aqueous and PBS biological solutions, showcasing outstanding stability and confirming their compatibility for biological uses. Biomolecular interaction research showed high affinity binding with calf thymus DNA. When there is binding with HSA, the FL graph indicates a decrease, suggesting that HSA creates a stable complex even as its concentration varies. This demonstrates the HSA complex's dynamic interaction and stability. The effectiveness of the complexes in killing MDA-MB-231 cells, a model for triple-negative breast cancer, was evaluated through the MTT assay to assess cytotoxicity. Both POFR and POFRP demonstrated cytotoxicity that increased with dosage, with POFRP displaying a noticeably lower IC50 value, suggesting greater effectiveness than POFR. Moreover, the DPPH assay confirmed antioxidant activity, showing that both complexes have the ability to scavenge free radicals. The complexes were also tested for their antimicrobial properties against Enterococcus faecalis, a Gram-positive bacterial strain, and both showed significant activity. These findings emphasize the diverse potential of POFR and POFRP as reliable, actively biologically substances with uses in cancer treatment, antioxidant activity, and fighting microbes, positioning them as promising subjects for future medical studies. [Display omitted] •The study centres on the synthesis, characterization, and biological evaluation of two novel Ru(II)-based complexes.•The research highlights the dual therapeutic and antimicrobial potential of Ru(II) complexes, contributing to the development of metallodrugs for aggressive cancers and microbial threats.•POFRP demonstrated superior intercalative DNA binding properties supported by fluorescence and viscosity studies.•POFRP showed significant cytotoxicity against the MDA-MB-231 cell line and moderate antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.•Complexes POFR and POFRP both have exhibit excellent stability in aqueous and biological media.