Does Facial Fracture Management Require Opioids? A Pilot Trial of a Narcotic-Minimizing Analgesia Protocol for Operative Facial Trauma

• Published in: The Journal of craniofacial surgery Vol. 34; no. 4; p. 1199
• Main Authors: Knudsen, Margarete Grace, Kotha, Vikas S, Wee, Corinne, Lesko, Robert P, Swanson, Marco, Kumar, Anand, Davidson, Edward H
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States 01.06.2023
• Subjects: Acetaminophen - therapeutic use; Analgesia - methods; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic - therapeutic use; Analgesics, Opioid - therapeutic use; Humans; Narcotics; Pain, Postoperative - drug therapy; Pain, Postoperative - prevention & control; Pilot Projects; Prospective Studies; Retrospective Studies
• ISSN: 1536-3732
• DOI: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000009190

Opioid minimization in the acute postoperative phase is timely in the era of the opioid epidemic. The authors hypothesize that patients with facial trauma receiving multimodal, narcotic-minimizing pain management in the perioperative period will consume fewer morphine milligram equivalents (MMEs) while maintaining adequate pain control compared with a traditional analgesia protocol. An IRB-approved pilot study evaluating isolated facial trauma patients compared 10 consecutive prospective patients of a narcotic-minimizing pain protocol beginning in August 2020 with a retrospective, chart-reviewed cohort of 10 consecutive patients before protocol implementation. The protocol was comprised of multimodal nonopioid pharmacotherapy given preoperatively (acetaminophen, celecoxib, and pregabalin). Postoperatively, patients received intravenous (IV) ketorolac, scheduled acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and gabapentin. Oxycodone was reserved for severe uncontrolled pain. The control group had no standardized protocol, though opioids were ad libitum. Consumed MMEs and verbal Numeric Rating Scale (vNRS) pain scores (0-10) were prospectively tracked and compared with retrospective data. Descriptive and inferential statistics were run. At all recorded postoperative intervals, narcotic-minimizing subjects consumed significantly fewer MMEs than controls [0-8 h, 21.5 versus 63.5 ( P = 0.002); 8-16 h, 4.9 versus 20.6 ( P = 0.02); 16-24 h, 3.3 versus 13.9 ( P = 0.03); total 29.5 versus 98.0 ( P = 0.003)]. At all recorded postoperative intervals, narcotic-minimizing subjects reported less pain (vNRS) than controls (0-8 h, 7.7 versus 8.1; 8-16 h, 4.4 versus 8.0; 16-24 h 4.3 versus 6.9); significance was achieved at the 8 to 16-hour time point ( P = 0.006). A multimodal, opioid-sparing analgesia protocol significantly reduces opioid use in perioperative facial trauma management without sacrificing satisfactory pain control for patients.