Gunshot wounds and blast injuries to the face are associated with significant morbidity and mortality: results of an 11-year multi-institutional study of 720 patients

• Published in: The journal of trauma and acute care surgery Vol. 76; no. 2; p. 347
• Main Authors: Shackford, Steven R, Kahl, Jessica E, Calvo, Richard Y, Kozar, Rosemary A, Haugen, Christine E, Kaups, Krista L, Willey, Marybeth, Tibbs, Brian M, Mutto, Susan M, Rizzo, Anne G, Lormel, Christy S, Shackford, Meghan C, Burlew, Clay Cothren, Moore, Ernest E, Cogbill, Thomas H, Kallies, Kara J, Haan, James M, Ward, Jeanette
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States 01.02.2014
• Subjects: Adult; Blast Injuries - diagnosis; Blast Injuries - mortality; Blast Injuries - therapy; Cause of Death; Cohort Studies; Combined Modality Therapy; Facial Injuries - diagnosis; Facial Injuries - mortality; Facial Injuries - therapy; Female; Hospital Mortality - trends; Humans; Injury Severity Score; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Multivariate Analysis; Retrospective Studies; Risk Assessment; Survival Analysis; Trauma Centers; Wounds, Gunshot - diagnosis; Wounds, Gunshot - mortality; Wounds, Gunshot - therapy; Young Adult
• ISSN: 2163-0763
• DOI: 10.1097/TA.0b013e3182aaa5b8

Gunshot wounds and blast injuries to the face (GSWBIFs) produce complex wounds requiring management by multiple surgical specialties. Previous work is limited to single institution reports with little information on processes of care or outcome. We sought to determine those factors associated with hospital complications and mortality. We performed an 11-year multicenter retrospective cohort analysis of patients sustaining GSWBIF. The face, defined as the area anterior to the external auditory meatuses from the top of the forehead to the chin, was categorized into three zones: I, the chin to the base of the nose; II, the base of the nose to the eyebrows; III, above the brows. We analyzed the effect of multiple factors on outcome. From January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2010, we treated 720 patients with GSWBIF (539 males, 75%), with a median age of 29 years. The wounding agent was handgun in 41%, explosive (shotgun and blast) in 20%, rifle in 6%, and unknown in 33%. Prehospital or resuscitative phase airway was required in 236 patients (33%). Definitive care was rendered by multiple specialties in 271 patients (38%). Overall, 185 patients died (26%), 146 (79%) within 48 hours. Of the 481 patients hospitalized greater than 48 hours, 184 had at least one complication (38%). Factors significantly associated with any of a total of 207 complications were total number of operations (p < 0.001), Revised Trauma Score (RTS, p < 0.001), and head Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) score (p < 0.05). Factors significantly associated with mortality were RTS (p < 0.001), head AIS score (p < 0.001), total number of operations (p < 0.001), and age (p < 0.05). An injury located in Zone III was independently associated with mortality (p < 0.001). GSWBIFs have high mortality and are associated with significant morbidity. The multispecialty involvement required for definitive care necessitates triage to a trauma center and underscores the need for an organized approach and the development of effective guidelines. Therapeutic/care management, level III.