Quantum physics analysis of electroencephalogram signals for drug users using distribution of quantum uncertainty products

• Published in: Biomedical signal processing and control Vol. 107; p. 107816
• Main Authors: Ng, Siew-Cheok, Yee, Anne, Ting, Hua-Nong, Soo, Kok-Leong, Abd Rashid, Rusdi Bin, Ooi, C.H. Raymond
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier Ltd 01.09.2025
• Subjects: Drug users recovery; Electroencephalogram; Quantum products distribution; Wavelength-shifted Planck’s blackbody formula; Quantum products distribution; Wavelength-shifted Planck’s blackbody formula; Electroencephalogram; Drug users recovery
• ISSN: 1746-8094
• DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2025.107816

Studies on the brain signals of drug users have been conducted using numerous signal processing methods. Recently, the quantum framework has been applied to the study of brain signals of healthy subjects in order to study the quantum effects in the brain signals. This study aims to investigate the distribution of the uncertainty products using the blackbody Planck’s formula as well as the relationship between the distribution in different directions (medial-lateral, x-axis and anterior-posterior, y-axis) for drug users. EEG data (from 30 subjects) comprised of drug users going through rehabilitation (Rehab), drug users who have stopped using for at least 2 years (Ex-user) and normal subjects (Non-user) participated in this study. The uncertainty products (Prod-x and Prod-y) are obtained from the momentum dynamics and the position of the EEG data. The statistical distributions of the uncertainty products are found to follow the wavelength-shifted Planck’s blackbody formula. The scatter plots of the uncertainty products of different directions are characterized by two limits, indicating the upper bound of the products and not just the minimal uncertainty value. For the Rehab the upper bound for the Alpha and Gamma brain waves as well as the Prod-y of Alpha and Beta is higher than Ex-user and Non-user. The statistics also show that the Ex-users who have abstained from drugs for at least 2 years manage to recover from the side effects of the drugs. These quantum features may be used to measure the effectiveness of the treatment. •Using uncertainty products to study the effects of drugs and abstinence.•Uncertainty products distribution are found to follow Planck’s blackbody formula.•Uncertainty products of different directions are characterized by two limits.•Ex-users who abstained for at least 2 years recover from the side effects of drugs.•Four uncertainty products parameters may be used as indicator for recovery.