Epilepsy and pregnancy. Factors associated with epileptic seizures during pregnancy
The management of epilepsy during pregnancy requires optimal seizure control, avoiding the potential teratogenic effects of antiepileptic drugs. This study aims to describe the clinical characteristics and perinatal outcomes of pregnant patients with epilepsy; to analyse the factors associated with...
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Published in | Neurología (Barcelona, English ed. ) Vol. 38; no. 2; pp. 106 - 113 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
Spain
Elsevier España, S.L.U
01.03.2023
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Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
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Summary: | The management of epilepsy during pregnancy requires optimal seizure control, avoiding the potential teratogenic effects of antiepileptic drugs.
This study aims to describe the clinical characteristics and perinatal outcomes of pregnant patients with epilepsy; to analyse the factors associated with seizures during pregnancy; to describe the most commonly used antiseizure drugs in these patients; and to analyse changes in treatment regimens in 2 periods, 2000–2010 and 2011–2018.
We conducted a prospective observational study of patients with epilepsy who reported their pregnancy between 2000 and 2018. Patients were evaluated in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy, after delivery, and at one year. Data were collected on demographic variables, epilepsy, and perinatal and obstetric variables.
A total of 101 pregnancies were included. Patients’ mean age was 32.6 years; 55.4% had focal epilepsy, 38.6% had generalised epilepsy, and 5.9% had undetermined epilepsy. We recorded 90 live births, 9 miscarriages, and 5 cases of congenital malformations, 4 of which were born to women who received valproate monotherapy. Forty patients (39.6%) presented seizures, with 16 (40%) presenting generalised tonic-clonic seizures. The variables associated with seizures during pregnancy were poor seizure control in the year prior to pregnancy (66.7% vs 15.1%; P < .001), treatment with 2 or more antiseizure drugs (30% vs 14.8%; P < .001), and untreated epilepsy (25% vs 0%; P < .001). Antiseizure medications most widely used in monotherapy were lamotrigine (n = 19; 27.1%), valproate (n = 17; 24.2%), and levetiracetam (n = 12; 17.1%). In the most recent period (2011–2018), we observed a greater proportion of patients receiving monotherapy (81.5%, vs 55.3%), as well as a decrease in the use of carbamazepine (2.3%, vs 23.1%) and valproate (20.5%, vs 30.8%); and a marked increase in the use of levetiracetam (27.3%, vs 0%).
The factors associated with the presence of seizures during pregnancy were previous poor seizure control, treatment with 2 or more antiseizure drugs, and lack of treatment during pregnancy. The most commonly used drugs were lamotrigine, valproate, and levetiracetam, with an increase in levetiracetam use and a decrease in valproate use being observed in the later period (2011–2018).
El manejo de la epilepsia durante la gestación requiere un control óptimo de las crisis, evitando los potenciales efectos teratogénicos del tratamiento antiepiléptico.
Describir las características clínicas y los resultados perinatales de las pacientes con epilepsia gestantes. Analizar los factores que se asocian a la presencia de crisis durante la gestación. Describir los fármacos anticrisis más utilizados y analizar los cambios en el régimen terapeútico en dos periodos: de 2000–2010 y 2011–2018.
Se realizó un estudio prospectivo observacional de pacientes con epilepsia que notificaron su gestación en el periodo 2000−2018. Se evaluó a las pacientes en el primer y segundo trimestre de gestación, tras el parto y al año. Se recogieron variables demográficas, relacionadas con la epilepsia, perinatales y obstétricas.
Se incluyeron 101 gestaciones. La edad media fue de 32,6 años, el 55,4% tenía una epilepsia focal, el 38,6% una epilepsia generalizada y el 5,9% indeterminada. Se registraron 90 nacidos vivos, 9 abortos espontáneos y 5 malformaciones congénitas, cuatro de ellas en monoterapia con valproato. En 40 gestaciones (39,6%) se registraron crisis, siendo tónico-clónicas generalizadas en 16 (40%). Las variables asociadas con la presencia de crisis durante el embarazo fueron el mal control el año previo a la gestación (66,7% vs 15,1%, p < 0,001), el tratamiento con dos o más fármacosanticrisis (30% vs 14,8% p < 0,001) y no recibir tratamiento (25% vs 0% p < 0,001). Los fármacos anticrisis más utilizados en monoterapia fueron lamotrigina (n = 19, 27,1%), valproato (n = 17, 24,2%) y levetiracetam (n = 12, 17,1%). En el periodo más reciente (2011–2018) se objetivó una mayor proporción de monoterapias (81,5% vs 55,3%), además de un descenso en el uso de carbamazepina (23,1% vs 2,3%) y valproato (30,8% vs 20,5%); y un aumento marcado de levetiracetam (0% vs 27,3%).
Los factores asociados con la presencia de crisis durante la gestación fueron el mal control previo, el tratamiento con dos o más fármacos anticrisis y la ausencia de tratamiento. Los fármacos más utilizados fueron lamotrigina, valproato y levetiracetam, con un incremento de éste último y un descenso de valproato en el periodo más reciente (2011–2018). |
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ISSN: | 2173-5808 2173-5808 |
DOI: | 10.1016/j.nrleng.2020.04.029 |