Measurements of low-energy, re-entrant albedo protons by the HEPD-01 space-borne detector

Cosmic rays’ interactions with the residual atmosphere surrounding the Earth produce a variety of particles, like electrons, positrons, protons, anti-protons, and Helium nuclei that can be observed below the local geomagnetic cutoff. In this work, we present new measurements of downward-going, albed...

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Published inAstroparticle physics Vol. 162; p. 102993
Main Authors Martucci, M., Oliva, A., Battiston, R., Beolé, S., Cipollone, P., Contin, A., Cristoforetti, M., De Donato, C., De Santis, C., Di Luca, A., Follega, F.M., Gebbia, G., Iuppa, R., Lega, A., Lolli, M., Masciantonio, G., Mese, M., Neubuser, C., Nicolaidis, R., Nozzoli, F., Osteria, G., Palma, F., Panico, B., Perfetto, F., Perinelli, A., Picozza, P., Ricci, E., Ricci, M., Ricciarini, S.B., Sahnoun, Z., Savino, U., Scotti, V., Sorbara, M., Sotgiu, A., Sparvoli, R., Ubertini, P., Vilona, V., Zoffoli, S., Zuccon, P.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Elsevier B.V 01.10.2024
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Summary:Cosmic rays’ interactions with the residual atmosphere surrounding the Earth produce a variety of particles, like electrons, positrons, protons, anti-protons, and Helium nuclei that can be observed below the local geomagnetic cutoff. In this work, we present new measurements of downward-going, albedo proton fluxes with kinetic energy in the range ∼40–∼250 MeV, performed by the High-Energy Particle Detector (HEPD-01) on board of the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite - CSES-01 - at an altitude of ∼500 km. Employing a dedicated trajectory-tracing simulation routine, the protons collected by HEPD-01 are classified into quasi-trapped (QT), long lifetime (≳10 s) particles concentrating in the equatorial region of the Earth, and un-trapped (UT), distributed at all latitudes; the latter includes both precipitating short lifetime particles (UTS) and pseudo-trapped long lifetime (UTL) populations, abundant in the so-called penumbra regions. The temporal trend of re-entrant protons between 2018 and 2022 is also reported, assessing the stability of such population during the data-taking period of HEPD-01; this highlights their independence from the long-term modulating effect of the solar activity. •A study of re-entrant albedo protons in the Earth’s magnetosphere as a function of energy with the HEPD-01 payload is presented.•A comparison with past experiments is carried out, with good results.•Time-profiles of re-entrant albedo protons show a general stability during the analyzed period.
ISSN:0927-6505
1873-2852
DOI:10.1016/j.astropartphys.2024.102993