Erythropoietin Nanobots: Their Feasibility for the Controlled Release of Erythropoietin and Their Neuroprotective Bioequivalence in Central Nervous System Injury

Background: Erythropoietin (EPO) plays important roles in neuroprotection in central nervous system injury. Due to the limited therapeutic time window and coexistence of hematopoietic/extrahematopoietic receptors displaying heterogenic and phylogenetic differences, fast, targeted delivery agents, su...

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Published inApplied sciences Vol. 12; no. 7; p. 3351
Main Authors Le, Thi Huong, Nguyen, Chanh Trung, Koo, Kyo-in, Hwang, Chang Ho
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Basel MDPI AG 01.04.2022
Subjects
Apoptosis
Bioequivalence
Blood diseases
Caspase-3
Cell activation
Cell viability
Central nervous system
Controlled release
Drying
Endoplasmic reticulum
Erythropoietin
Feasibility
Injury prevention
Janus kinase 2
Nanoparticles
Nervous system
Neuroprotection
Phylogeny
Polymers
Preconditioning
Receptor mechanisms
regeneration
Sonication
Thapsigargin
therapeutics
Ultrasonic imaging
St Louis Missouri
United States > US
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Summary:Background: Erythropoietin (EPO) plays important roles in neuroprotection in central nervous system injury. Due to the limited therapeutic time window and coexistence of hematopoietic/extrahematopoietic receptors displaying heterogenic and phylogenetic differences, fast, targeted delivery agents, such as nanobots, are needed. To confirm the feasibility of EPO-nanobots (ENBs) as therapeutic tools, the authors evaluated controlled EPO release from ENBs and compared the neuroprotective bioequivalence of these substances after preconditioning sonication. Methods: ENBs were manufactured by a nanospray drying technique with preconditioning sonication. SH-SY5Y neuronal cells were cotreated with thapsigargin and either EPO or ENBs before cell viability, EPO receptor activation, and endoplasmic reticulum stress-related pathway deactivation were determined over 24 h. Results: Preconditioning sonication (50–60 kHz) for 1 h increased the cumulative EPO release from the ENBs (84% versus 25% at 24 h). Between EPO and ENBs at 24 h, both neuronal cell viability (both > 65% versus 15% for thapsigargin alone) and the expression of the proapoptotic/apoptotic biomolecular markers JAK2, PDI, PERK, GRP78, ATF6, CHOP, TGF-β, and caspase-3 were nearly the same or similar. Conclusion: ENBs controlled EPO release in vitro after preconditioning sonication, leading to neuroprotection similar to that of EPO at 24 h.
ISSN:2076-3417
2076-3417
DOI:10.3390/app12073351