Gut microbiome as a target organ in diagnosis and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders and diseases (a literature review)

• Published in: Zaporozhskiĭ medit͡s︡inskiĭ zhurnal Vol. 24; no. 1; pp. 123 - 131
• Main Authors: Minukhin, V. V., Knysh, O. V., Zhdamarova, L. A., Bolshakova, H. M., Voida, Yu. V.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Zaporozhye State Medical University 01.02.2022
• Subjects: dysbiosis; fecal transplantation; gut microbiota; gut-brain axis; neuroactive microbial metabolites; neuroinflammation; psychobiotics
• ISSN: 2306-4145; 2310-1210
• DOI: 10.14739/2310-1210.2022.1.236932

The aim: analysis of literature data concerning the study on the relationship between changes in the composition, metabolic activity of the intestinal microbiota and the development of neuropsychiatric disorders and diseases. Results. Despite the different etiopathogenesis and clinical manifestations, neuropsychiatric disorders and diseases share common pathogenetic links: intestinal dysbiosis with depletion of microbial diversity, an increase in the representation of “pro-inflammatory” taxa and changes in the metabolism of the intestinal microbiota; damage of the mucosal barrier and increased permeability of the intestinal wall; immune response activation with the development of systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation; impairment of the nervous, endocrine and metabolic mechanisms of signal transmission within the gut-brain axis. Specific changes in the composition and metabolic activity of the intestinal microbiota act as biomarkers or additional diagnostic criteria at some neuropsychiatric diseases. Therapeutic approaches aimed at correcting the composition and metabolic activity of the intestinal microbiota: fecal transplantation, the use of psychobiotics and neuroactive derivatives of probiotic bacteria demonstrate a positive effect. Conclusions. The mechanisms of the specific microorganisms and their derivatives for influencing the functional activity of the central nervous system require further study. The gut microbiome should be considered as a target organ in the diagnosis and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders and diseases. The microbiome-based approach contributes to early diagnosis and prediction of the clinical course severity. Targeting the correction of the intestinal microbiota composition and functional activity is a promising strategy for increasing the effectiveness of the neuropsychiatric pathology treatment.