Structural insights into the Smirnoff-Wheeler pathway for vitamin C production in the Amazon fruit Camu-Camu

• Published in: Journal of experimental botany Vol. 75; no. 9; pp. 2754 - 2771
• Main Authors: Vargas, Jhon A, Sculaccio, Susana A, Pinto, Andressa P A, Pereira, Humberto D'Muniz, Mendes, Luis F S, Flores, Jhoao F, Cobos, Marianela, Castro, Juan C, Garratt, Richard C, Leonardo, Diego A
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England 03.05.2024
• Subjects: L-galactono-1; 5'-epimerase; camu-camu; 4-lactone dehydrogenase; L-ascorbic acid; vitamin C; Smirnoff-Wheeler pathway; Myrciaria dubia; L-galactose dehydrogenase; enzyme structure; GDP-D-mannose 3
• ISSN: 0022-0957; 1460-2431
• DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae016

L-Ascorbic acid (AsA, vitamin C) is a pivotal dietary nutrient with multifaceted importance in living organisms. In plants, the Smirnoff-Wheeler (SW) pathway is the primary route for AsA biosynthesis and understanding the mechanistic details behind its component enzymes has implications for plant biology, nutritional science and biotechnology. As part of an initiative to determine the structures of all six core enzymes of the pathway, the present study focusses on three of them from the model system Myrciaria dubia (camu-camu): GDP-D-mannose 3',5'-epimerase (GME), L-galactose dehydrogenase (L-GalDH), and L-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase (L-GalLDH). We provide insights into substrate and cofactor binding and the conformational changes they induce. The MdGME structure reveals a distorted substrate in the active site, pertinent to the catalytic mechanism. MdL-GalDH shows that the way in which NAD+ association affects loop structure over the active site is not conserved when compared with its homologue from spinach. Finally, the structure of MdL-GalLDH is described for the first time. This allows for the rationalization of previously identified residues which play important roles in the active site or in the formation of the covalent bond with the FAD. In conclusion, this study enhances our understanding of AsA biosynthesis in plants and the information provided should prove useful for biotechnological applications.