Outage Evaluation for STAR-RIS-Assisted Satellite-AAV-Terrestrial NOMA Networks With Imperfect CSI

• Published in: IEEE internet of things journal Vol. 12; no. 12; pp. 19981 - 19994
• Main Authors: Luo, Wenwei, Zhang, Jiliang, Song, Jize, Liu, Xin, Xie, Yiyuan, Xu, Jiayou, Pan, Gaofeng
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Piscataway IEEE 15.06.2025; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: Autonomous aerial vehicle (AAV); Autonomous aerial vehicles; Delays; Distribution functions; Electronic mail; imperfect channel state information (CSI); Internet of Things; Monte Carlo simulation; NOMA; non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA); Nonorthogonal multiple access; outage probability (OP); Outages; Power system reliability; Probability density functions; Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces; Relays; satellite communications; Satellites; simultaneously transmitting and reflecting-reconfigurable intelligent surface (STAR-RIS); Space-air-ground integrated networks; Spherical caps; Stochastic processes; Training; Unmanned aerial vehicles
• ISSN: 2327-4662; 2327-4662
• DOI: 10.1109/JIOT.2025.3542485

Due to some transmission delays and channel estimation errors, it is always difficult to acquire perfect channel state information (CSI) in practical communications. Therefore, in this study, taking the practical scenario of imperfect CSI into consideration, a simultaneously transmitting and reflecting-reconfigurable intelligent surface (STAR-RIS)-assisted satellite-autonomous aerial vehicle (AAV)-terrestrial non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) network is investigated, in which the AAV is assumed to be randomly located in a spherical cap space while the users are randomly located in an inner circular and an outer annular plane on the ground. Specifically, a satellite source first sends NOMA signals to a AAV relay, which then forwards them to both ground users via an STAR-RIS through reflection as well as transmission. In addition, considering that the satellite-AAV link is subject to the shadowed-Rician distribution while the other links are subject to the Nakagami-m distributions, the cumulative distribution functions and probability density functions of channel gains in the presence of imperfect CSI are derived. Furthermore, in practical application scenarios, the positions of the AAV and both users may be randomly located in some regions. Therefore, three randomly distributed scenarios are considered: 1) The users are randomly located while the AAV's position is fixed; 2) The AAV is randomly located while both users are in fixed locations; and 3) Both are randomly located. Under those three scenarios, both analytical and asymptotic expressions of outage probability (OP) for two users as well as the system OP are derived using the stochastic geometry approach, and their accuracy is confirmed with Monte-Carlo simulations.