Optimal Control of Switched Dynamical Systems Under Dwell Time Constraints-Theory and Computation

• Published in: IEEE transactions on automatic control Vol. 70; no. 4; pp. 2362 - 2373
• Main Authors: Ali, Usman, Egerstedt, Magnus
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York IEEE 01.04.2025; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: Aerospace electronics; Algorithms; Constraints; Control systems; Control theory; Costs; Dwell time; Dynamical systems; Heuristic algorithms; hybrid systems; mode scheduling; Optimal control; Optimization; Schedules; Switched systems; Switches; Time factors; Topology; Topology optimization
• ISSN: 0018-9286; 1558-2523
• DOI: 10.1109/TAC.2024.3476728

This article addresses the problem of optimal mode scheduling subject to dwell time constraints, which is the minimum amount of time a system has to spend in one mode before it can transition to another. The constraint is important since most physical systems cannot switch rapidly between different modes and its presence also eliminates the problem of chattering solutions by construction. We investigate the topology of the optimization space and show that it lacks structure to define local minima. A framework is developed for defining optimal solutions as stationary points of optimality functions and an optimality function is proposed for characterizing the necessary conditions for optimality. The challenges posed by dwell time constraints to algorithmic implementation are addressed by exploring the geometric properties of the so-called mode insertion gradient, and a technique is developed for rapidly updating of the mode sequence. The algorithm's convergence to an optimal solution is proved and simulation results are provided to demonstrate the algorithm's efficacy.