Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Consult Series #72: Twin-twin transfusion syndrome and twin anemia-polycythemia sequence

• Published in: American journal of obstetrics and gynecology Vol. 231; no. 4; pp. B16 - B37
• Main Authors: Miller, Russell S., Miller, Jena L., Monson, Martha A., Porter, T. Flint, Običan, Sarah G., Simpson, Lynn L.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Elsevier Inc 01.10.2024
• Subjects: Amniotic Fluid; Anemia - etiology; Anemia - therapy; Chorion - diagnostic imaging; chorionicity; Female; fetal transfusion therapy; Fetofetal Transfusion - diagnostic imaging; Fetofetal Transfusion - therapy; fetoscopic laser surgery; Fetoscopy - methods; Gestational Age; Humans; Laser Coagulation - methods; Laser Therapy; monochorionic twins; monochorionic-diamniotic twins; Polycythemia - therapy; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Twin; screening; staging; surveillance; twin anemia-polycythemia sequence; twin-twin transfusion syndrome; Twins, Monozygotic; Ultrasonography, Prenatal; ultrasound; Umbilical Arteries - diagnostic imaging; screening; chorionicity; monochorionic-diamniotic twins; twin-twin transfusion syndrome; fetoscopic laser surgery; twin anemia-polycythemia sequence; surveillance; fetal transfusion therapy; monochorionic twins; staging; ultrasound
• ISSN: 0002-9378; 1097-6868; 1097-6868
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2024.07.017

Thirty percent of spontaneously occurring twins are monozygotic, of which two-thirds are monochorionic, possessing a single placenta. A common placental mass with shared intertwin placental circulation is key to the development and management of complications unique to monochorionic gestations. In this Consult, we review general considerations and a contemporary approach to twin-twin transfusion syndrome and twin anemia-polycythemia sequence, providing management recommendations based on the available evidence. The following are the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine recommendations: (1) we recommend routine first-trimester sonographic determination of chorionicity and amnionicity (GRADE 1B); (2) we recommend that ultrasound surveillance for twin-twin transfusion syndrome begin at 16 weeks of gestation for all monochorionic-diamniotic twin pregnancies and continue at least every 2 weeks until delivery, with more frequent monitoring indicated with clinical concern (GRADE 1C); (3) we recommend that routine sonographic surveillance for twin-twin transfusion syndrome minimally include assessment of amniotic fluid volumes on both sides of the intertwin membrane and evaluation for the presence or absence of urine-filled fetal bladders, and ideally incorporate Doppler study of the umbilical arteries (GRADE 1C); (4) we recommend fetoscopic laser surgery as the standard treatment for stage II through stage IV twin-twin transfusion syndrome presenting between 16 and 26 weeks of gestation (GRADE 1A); (5) we recommend expectant management with at least weekly fetal surveillance for asymptomatic patients continuing pregnancies complicated by stage I twin-twin transfusion syndrome, and consideration for fetoscopic laser surgery for stage I twin-twin transfusion syndrome presentations between 16 and 26 weeks of gestation complicated by additional factors such as maternal polyhydramnios-associated symptomatology (GRADE 1B); (6) we recommend an individualized approach to laser surgery for early- and late-presenting twin-twin transfusion syndrome (GRADE 1C); (7) we recommend that all patients with twin-twin transfusion syndrome qualifying for laser therapy be referred to a fetal intervention center for further evaluation, consultation, and care (Best Practice); (8) after laser therapy, we suggest weekly surveillance for 6 weeks followed by resumption of every-other-week surveillance thereafter, unless concern exists for post-laser twin-twin transfusion syndrome, post-laser twin anemia-polycythemia sequence, or fetal growth restriction (GRADE 2C); (9) following the resolution of twin-twin transfusion syndrome after fetoscopic laser surgery, and without other indications for earlier delivery, we recommend delivery of dual-surviving monochorionic-diamniotic twins at 34 to 36 weeks of gestation (GRADE 1C); (10) in twin-twin transfusion syndrome pregnancies complicated by posttreatment single fetal demise, we recommend full-term delivery (39 weeks) of the surviving co-twin to avoid complications of prematurity unless indications for earlier delivery exist (GRADE 1C); (11) we recommend that fetoscopic laser surgery not influence the mode of delivery (Best Practice); (12) we recommend that prenatal diagnosis of twin anemia-polycythemia sequence minimally require either middle cerebral artery Doppler peak systolic velocity values >1.5 and <1.0 multiples of the median in donor and recipient twins, respectively, or an intertwin Δ middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity >0.5 multiples of the median (GRADE 1C); (13) we recommend that providers consider incorporating middle cerebral artery Doppler peak systolic velocity determinations into all monochorionic twin ultrasound surveillance beginning at 16 weeks of gestation (GRADE 1C); and (14) consultation with a specialized fetal care center is recommended when twin anemia-polycythemia sequence progresses to a more advanced disease stage (stage ≥II) before 32 weeks of gestation or when concern arises for coexisting complications such as twin-twin transfusion syndrome (Best Practice).