Balancing resistor-based online electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in battery systems: opportunities and limitations

• Published in: Communications engineering Vol. 3; no. 1; pp. 62 - 9
• Main Authors: Blömeke, Alexander, Zappen, Hendrik, Ringbeck, Florian, Frie, Fabian, Wasylowski, David, Sauer, Dirk Uwe
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London Springer Nature B.V 13.04.2024; Nature Publishing Group UK; Nature Portfolio
• Subjects: Balancing; Cobalt; Design; Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; Fast Fourier transformations; Impedance measurement; Leakage current; Lithium; Management systems; Power management; Resistors; Signal processing; Signal to noise ratio; Spectrum analysis; State estimation
• ISSN: 2731-3395; 2731-3395
• DOI: 10.1038/s44172-024-00203-6

Abstract Active dissipative balancing systems are essential in battery systems, particularly for compensating the leakage current differences in battery cells. This study focuses on using balancing resistors to stimulate battery cells for impedance measurement. The value of impedance spectroscopy for in-depth battery cell diagnostics, such as temperature or aging, is currently being demonstrated and recognized by vehicle manufacturers, chip producers, and academia. Our research systematically explores the feasibility of using existing balancing resistors in battery management systems and identifies potential limitations. Here we propose a formula to minimize hardware requirements through signal processing techniques. A quadrupling of the sampling rate, number of averaging values, or the size of the fast Fourier transform is equivalent, concerning the signal-to-noise ratio, to increasing the analog resolution by one bit or reducing the input filter bandwidth by a quarter.