Reactive barriers for 137Cs retention

• Published in: Journal of contaminant hydrology Vol. 47; no. 2; pp. 233 - 240
• Main Authors: Krumhansl, James L, Brady, Patrick V, Anderson, Howard L
• Format: Journal Article Conference Proceeding
• Language: English
• Published: Amsterdam Elsevier B.V 01.02.2001; Elsevier Science
• Subjects: 135Cs; 137Cs; Adsorption; Aluminum Silicates; Biological Availability; Cesium Radioisotopes - analysis; Cesium Radioisotopes - pharmacokinetics; Earth sciences; Earth, ocean, space; Engineering and environment geology. Geothermics; Exact sciences and technology; Fresh Water; Geology - methods; Half-Life; Pollution, environment geology; Radioactive Hazard Release; Radioactive Waste; Reactive barriers; Soil Pollutants, Radioactive; Ukraine; Water Pollutants, Radioactive - analysis; Water Pollutants, Radioactive - pharmacokinetics; Water Pollution, Radioactive - prevention & control; United States; Wyoming; Georgia; Ukraine; Reactive barriers; 135Cs; 137Cs; illite; decontamination; kaolinite; Chernobyl nuclear accident; ion exchange; ground water; bentonite; radionucleids; pollution; North America; sorption; clay; montmorillonite; remediation; fallout; sheet silicates; silicates; soils; retention; clastic rocks; cesium; Cs-137; smectite; sedimentary rocks; clay minerals; desorption; nuclear explosions
• ISSN: 0169-7722; 1873-6009
• DOI: 10.1016/S0169-7722(00)00152-2

137Cs was dispersed globally by cold war activities and, more recently, by the Chernobyl accident. Engineered extraction of 137Cs from soils and groundwaters is exceedingly difficult. Because the half-life of 137Cs is only 30.2 years, remediation might be more effective (and less costly) if 137Cs bioavailability could be demonstrably limited for even a few decades by use of a reactive barrier. Essentially permanent isolation must be demonstrated in those few settings where high nuclear level wastes contaminated the environment with 135Cs (half-life 2.3×10 6 years) in addition to 137Cs. Clays are potentially a low-cost barrier to Cs movement, though their long-term effectiveness remains untested. To identify optimal clays for Cs retention, Cs desorption was measured for five common clays: Wyoming Montmorillonite (SWy-1), Georgia Kaolinites (KGa-1 and KGa-2), Fithian Illite (F-Ill), and K-Metabentonite (K-Mbt). Exchange sites were pre-saturated with 0.16 M CsCl for 14 days and readily exchangeable Cs was removed by a series of LiNO 3 and LiCl washes. Washed clays were then placed into dialysis bags and the Cs release to the deionized water outside the bags measured. Release rates from 75 to 139 days for SWy-1, K-Mbt and F-Ill were similar; 0.017% to 0.021% sorbed Cs released per day. Both kaolinites released Cs more rapidly (0.12% to 0.05% of the sorbed Cs per day). In a second set of experiments, clays were Cs-doped for 110 days and subjected to an extreme and prolonged rinsing process. All the clays exhibited some capacity for irreversible Cs uptake. However, the residual loading was greatest on K-Mbt (∼0.33 wt.% Cs). Thus, this clay would be the optimal material for constructing artifical reactive barriers.