Deodorization of sunflower oil by high voltage electric field as a nonthermal method sunflower oil refining by electric field

• Published in: Journal of food science Vol. 87; no. 10; pp. 4363 - 4378
• Main Authors: Tavakoli, Atefeh, Sahari, Mohammad Ali, Barzegar, Mohsen, Ahmadi Gavlighi, Hassan, Marzocchi, Silvia, Marziali, Sara, Caboni, Maria
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Chicago Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01.10.2022
• Subjects: Bioactive compounds; Bleaching; Bleaching earth; Chemical composition; Clay; Contaminants; Deodorization; Edible oils; Electric fields; Electrodes; Electrolytes; Esters; Fatty acids; Food plants; Helianthus; High voltage; high voltage electric field; High voltages; Liquid chromatography; MCPDE; Petroleum refining; Plants (botany); Process parameters; Production costs; Refining; Response surface methodology; Solid phase methods; Sunflower oil; Tocopherol; Tocopherols; Vacuum; Vegetable oils; Volatile compounds; Voltage; Water consumption
• ISSN: 0022-1147; 1750-3841
• DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16312

In this study, the high voltage electric field (HVEF) method was used for deodorization of sunflower oil to omit drawbacks of an established industrial method including long time, high energy, chemicals and water consumption, loss of bioactive compounds, and formation of some contaminants due to exposure to heat. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to find the optimal values of processing parameters. The effects of voltage (5–15 kV), clay (0–1%), electrolyte concentration (0–50 mM), the number of electrodes (1–5 pairs), and electrodes distance (1–3 cm) on the volatile compounds and tocopherols content were investigated by HS–SPME‐GC/MS and HPLC, respectively. The optimal processing conditions were determined to be a voltage of 5 kV, a distance of 1 cm between the electrodes and a number of five pairs of electrodes. The amount of bleaching clay and electrolyte concentration were zero under optimal conditions. The refining process by HVEF removed 32.33% of the volatile compounds from crude sunflower oil, while the industrial refining process reduced the volatile compounds by only 17.78%. Results indicated no change was observed in the tocopherols content of refined sunflower oil by HVEF method. Based on PCA results, HVEF‐treated sample not only contained the lowest concentration of volatile compounds but also was the most similar to crude sample in terms of volatile compounds composition. Practical Application The oil refining process consists of four main stages, the last of which is deodorization. This step involves injecting steam at a temperature of about 240°C, under vacuum for about 50 min. High voltage electric field (HVEF) was able to reduce the number of volatile compounds, while no change was made in the tocopherol content of sunflower oil samples. It also does not form contaminant such as 3‐monochloropropane‐1,2‐diol fatty acid esters and glycidyl fatty acid esters. There is no need to apply the vacuum in HVEF refining, which reduces the production cost and makes the process flow straightforward as well as rapid. This research helps to propagate green refining procedures of vegetable oils in food plants.