Boiling sodium and melting salt: Evaluation and optimisation of a novel solar–thermal system concept

• Published in: Applied thermal engineering Vol. 218; p. 119165
• Main Authors: Kee, Zebedee, Coventry, Joe, Pye, John
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier Ltd 05.01.2023
• Subjects: Levelised cost of electricity (LCOE); Phase change material (PCM); Sodium boiling; System modelling; Technoeconomic analysis; Phase change material (PCM); Technoeconomic analysis; Sodium boiling; Levelised cost of electricity (LCOE); System modelling
• ISSN: 1359-4311
• DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.119165

The phase-change phenomenon facilitates efficient heat transfer and the storage of a large amount of heat close to an upper-bound temperature limit. In this paper, a novel solar–thermal system configuration is evaluated and optimised, where liquid sodium is boiled in a receiver and energy is stored through the melting and freezing of NaCl salt. Polar and surround field configurations of a 1MWe sodium-boiler plant were investigated where co-optimisation of solar multiple, field parameters, receiver geometry and storage parameters was performed to obtain lowest possible levelised cost of electricity (LCOE); this compared to a 100 MWe two-tank molten salt plant optimised via the same method. The LCOE values obtained for the 1MWe sodium-boiler plant was 128.3USD/MWh for a polar field configuration and 144.9USD/MWh for a surround field configuration, compared to 107.1USD/MWh for the 100MWe two-tank molten salt system. Whilst promising for smaller-scale systems, the analysis identifies limitations and challenges associated with high operating temperatures and low receiver flux limits, which opens the possibilities for the investigation of lower-temperature phase change materials (PCMs) and alternative PCM geometries. •Phase change thermal energy storage is coupled with a boiling sodium solar receiver.•A detailed physical model is used to optimise the design for lowest energy cost.•The system achieves 128 USD/MWhe at 1 MWe scale with 14 h of storage.