Investigation of Fluid Types in Shale Oil Reservoirs

• Published in: Surveys in geophysics Vol. 45; no. 5; pp. 1561 - 1594
• Main Authors: Pang, Xiaojiao, Wang, Guiwen, Kuang, Lichun, Lai, Jin, Mountney, Nigel P.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Dordrecht Springer Netherlands 01.10.2024; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Astronomy; Bitumen; Bitumens; Bound water; Carbon capture and storage; Carbon sequestration; Classification; Clay; Clay minerals; Control equipment; Cretaceous; Criteria; Data logging; Earth and Environmental Science; Earth Sciences; Environmental conditions; Geophysics/Geodesy; Heterogeneity; Hydrocarbons; Kerogen; Lithology; Logging; Magnetic resonance; Mineral composition; NMR; Nuclear magnetic resonance; Observations and Techniques; Oil exploration; Oil recovery; Oil reservoirs; Oil shale; Organic matter; Porosity; Pyrolysis; Reservoirs; Rocks; Sedimentary rocks; Shale oil; Shales; Storage reservoirs; Unconventional resources; Underground storage; X-ray diffraction; CMR-NG; Fluid identification; Controlling factors; Shale oil; 2D NMR tests
• ISSN: 0169-3298; 1573-0956
• DOI: 10.1007/s10712-024-09845-9

Lacustrine shale oil resources are essential for the maintenance of energy supply. Fluid types and contents play important roles in estimating resource potential and oil recovery from organic-rich shales. Precise identification of fluid types hosted in shale oil reservoir successions that are characterized by marked lithological heterogeneity from only a single well is a significant challenge. Although previous research has proposed a large number of methods for determining both porosity and fluid saturation, many can only be applied in limited situations, and several have limited accuracy. In this study, an advanced logging technique, combinable magnetic resonance logging (CMR-NG), is used to evaluate fluid types. Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D-NMR) experiments on reservoir rocks subject to different conditions (as received, after being dried at 105 ℃, and kerosene imbibed) were carried out to define the fluid types and classification criteria. Then, with the corresponding Rock–Eval pyrolysis parameters and various mineral contents from X-ray diffraction, the contribution of organic matter and mineral compositions was investigated. Subsequently, the content of different fluid types is calculated by CMR-NG (combinable magnetic resonance logging, viz. 2D NMR logging). According to the fluid classification criteria under experimental conditions and the production data, the most favorable model and optimal solution for logging evaluation was selected. Finally, fluid saturations of the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation in the Gulong Sag were calculated for a single well. Results show that six fluid types (kerogen-bitumen-group OH, irreducible oil, movable oil, clay-bound water, irreducible water, and movable water) can be recognized through the applied 2D NMR test. The kerogen-bitumen-group OH was mostly affected by pyrolysis hydrocarbon (S 2 ) and irreducible oil by soluble hydrocarbon (S 1 ). However, kerogen-bitumen-group OH and clay-bound water cannot be detected by CMR-NG due to the effects of underground environmental conditions on the instruments. Strata Q8–Q9 of the Qing 2 member of the cretaceous Qingshankou Formation are the most favorable layers of shale oil. This research provides insights into the factors controlling fluid types and contents; it provides guidance in the exploration and development of unconventional resources, for example, for geothermal and carbon capture, utilization, and storage reservoirs.