Forbs from seasonal managed wetlands boost plankton production more than emergent graminoids by supplying novel labile detritus

• Published in: Freshwater biology Vol. 69; no. 11; pp. 1686 - 1701
• Main Authors: Phillips, Kyle A., Tung, Alice M., McConnell, Rachel M., O’Rear, Teejay A., Rejmánková, Eliška, Lawler, Sharon P., Durand, John R.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01.11.2024
• Subjects: Aquatic crustaceans; Aquatic ecosystems; Aquatic plants; Detritus; Dissolved oxygen; Drying; Ecological function; Ecosystem management; Fish; Flood management; Flooding; Floodplains; Food chains; Food webs; Forbs; Freshwater crustaceans; Freshwater plants; Hypoxia; Landscape preservation; Pelagic fish; Phytoplankton; Plankton; Plankton blooms; Plant layout; Plant species; Plants (botany); Species; Tradeoffs; Waterfowl; Wetland management; Wetlands; Zooplankton
• ISSN: 0046-5070; 1365-2427
• DOI: 10.1111/fwb.14336

Abstract Opportunities to enhance ecosystem functions exist in human‐dominated working landscapes, but understanding of key drivers is often lacking in these novel environments. In Suisun Marsh, California, USA, impounded managed wetlands designed to promote waterfowl incidentally support higher plankton densities—a key resource for imperilled pelagic fishes—than adjacent tidal habitats. Managed wetland operations could produce plankton at critical periods for fish and the aquatic food‐web more broadly, but drivers of plankton production in managed wetlands are poorly understood. We proposed that decaying vegetation resulting from controlled flooding in managed wetlands is important for stimulating plankton blooms, but that the effect varies by plant species and functional type. We conducted a mesocosm experiment to test the effects of different inundated plants on plankton production, including three forb species, three emergent graminoid species and a control treatment without added plant material. Forbs promoted larger phytoplankton blooms and higher zooplankton production—by an order of magnitude—than both emergent graminoids and the control treatment. Emergent graminoids supported larger phytoplankton blooms, but not higher zooplankton production, than the control treatment. Phytoplankton blooms exhibited pulse dynamics in all treatments, with densities increasing initially and crashing by the end of the experiment. Phytoplankton blooms in forb and emergent treatments lasted similar durations, counter to the expectation that emergent graminoids would support diminished production over a relatively prolonged period. Among zooplankton taxa, Daphnia magna and rotifers were strongly associated with all three forbs species while the nonnative cyclopoid copepod Limnothoina tetraspina were associated with cattails ( Typha domingensis ) and the control. Forbs temporarily depleted dissolved oxygen concentrations during the first week of the experiment, suggesting a tradeoff by which decaying forbs boost plankton production at risk of initial hypoxia. Our results suggest that seasonal drying and flooding operations in managed wetlands are likely to enhance plankton production because dry periods promote forb growth and subsequent flooding introduces labile forb material to the aquatic food web. Results also suggest that seasonal managed‐wetlands act as novel floodplain‐analogues, by which flood pulses drive productivity. Further research is needed to quantify production benefits and tradeoffs to the aquatic ecosystem at the landscape scale and to identify optimal management regimes that will help conserve imperilled species.