Virtual cavity probe for the real-time identification of cavity burst-noise type in superconducting radio-frequency systems

• Published in: Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment Vol. 1068; p. 169786
• Main Authors: Ma, Jinying, Yang, Lijuan, Qiu, Feng, He, Yuan, Zhu, Zhenglong, Xue, Zongheng, Xu, Chengye, Yu, Jingwei, Deng, Pengfei, Ma, Zhen, Wei, Shihui, Luo, Didi, Yang, Ziqin, Jiang, Tiancai, Gao, Zheng, Sun, Liepeng, Huang, Guirong
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier B.V 01.11.2024
• Subjects: Burst-noise events; FPGA; Real-time; Virtual cavity probe; Burst-noise events; Virtual cavity probe; FPGA; Real-time
• ISSN: 0168-9002
• DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2024.169786

Burst-noise events are primary trip sources at the China Accelerator Facility for superheavy Elements (CAFE2), characterized by a rapid burst noise in the cavity pick-up signal categorizable into three distinct types: flashover, electronic quench (E-quench), and partial E-quench. Herein, we design an algorithm identifying the burst-noise event types in real time to realize a real-time discrimination of the three types of burst-noise events. This algorithm is based on a virtual cavity probe constructed with the forward and reflected signals of the cavity and integrated into a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). Moreover, we introduce an innovative method for calibrating the transmission delay in channels. This FPGA-based low-level radio-frequency algorithm identifies the burst-noise event type in real time. Its effectiveness has been validated in the CAFE2 facility, offering valuable data support for future advancements in machine learning-based fault classification and dark-current characterization.