Sonographic evaluation of hydronephrosis in the pediatric population: is well-tempered sonography necessary?

• Published in: Journal of ultrasound in medicine Vol. 34; no. 4; pp. 655 - 662
• Main Authors: Walker, Marc R, Babikian, Sarkis, Ernest, Alexander J, Koch, Troy S, Lustik, Michael B, Rooks, Veronica J, McMann, Leah P
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England 01.04.2015
• Subjects: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Diagnostic Techniques, Urological; Female; Humans; Hydronephrosis - diagnostic imaging; Infant; Male; Prospective Studies; Ultrasonography - methods; Society for Fetal Urology grade; pediatric ultrasound; anteroposterior diameter; hydration; sonography; prenatal hydronephrosis
• ISSN: 0278-4297; 1550-9613
• DOI: 10.7863/ultra.34.4.655

Standardized protocols exist for diuretic renography. There are no specific guidelines regarding hydration before renal sonography. This study assessed the importance of the hydration status by sonographic measurements of the anteroposterior diameter and its effect on Society for Fetal Urology (SFU) hydronephrosis grading. Children aged 6 weeks to 16 years (mean age, 22 months) with unilateral SFU grade 3 or 4 hydronephrosis requiring diuretic renal scintigraphy were recruited to undergo prehydration and posthydration renal sonography. Hydrated diuretic renal scintigraphy, or "well-tempered" renography, was then performed. Renal sonograms were reviewed by a blinded pediatric radiologist and pediatric urologist. Two-sided statistical tests assessed whether SFU grades and the anteroposterior diameter changed significantly after hydration. Among 67 kidneys, the pediatric urologist (L.P.M.) and pediatric radiologist (V.J.R.) reported no SFU grade change in 45 (67%) and 52 (78%) kidneys after hydration. In kidneys that changed, the posthydration grade was more likely to be higher. This difference was statistically significant (14 of 22 and 13 of 15 differences were higher grades after hydration for L.P.M. and V.J.R., respectively; P= .06; P= .007). Most kidneys that changed with hydration differed by only 1 SFU grade. Differences greater than 1 grade were seen in 5 control kidneys, which increased from SFU grade 0 to 2. The mean anteroposterior diameter increased significantly between prehydration and posthydration sonography for both hydronephrotic kidneys (1.46 versus 1.72 cm; P< .001) and control kidneys (0.22 versus 0.39 cm; P= .019), but did not correlate with increased SFU grades. Hydration does have a substantial effect on the anteroposterior diameter, but it does not correlate with a substantial effect on the SFU grade; therefore, well-tempered sonography seems unnecessary.