Scalable Multisubject Vital Sign Monitoring With mmWave FMCW Radar and FPGA Prototyping

• Published in: IEEE sensors journal Vol. 25; no. 2; pp. 3571 - 3583
• Main Authors: Benny, Jewel, Moudhgalya, Narahari N., Khan, Mujeev, Kumar Meena, Hemant, Wajid, Mohd, Srivastava, Abhishek
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York IEEE 15.01.2025; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: 77 GHz; Accuracy; Azimuth; Biomedical measurement; breath-rate estimation; Continuous radiation; Doppler radar; Field programmable gate arrays; field-programmable gate array (FPGA); Frequency measurement; frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW); Hardware; healthcare; heart-rate estimation; Lookup tables; Measuring instruments; Millimeter waves; mmWave radar; Monitoring; multisubject; noncontact; Prototyping; Radar measurements; Sensors; Signal processing algorithms; Ultra wideband radar; Wearable technology
• ISSN: 1530-437X; 1558-1748
• DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2024.3507951

In this work, we introduce an innovative approach to estimate the vital signs of multiple human subjects simultaneously in a noncontact way using a frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar-based system. Traditional vital sign monitoring methods often face significant limitations, including subject discomfort with wearable devices, challenges in calibration, and the risk of infection transmission through contact measurement devices. To address these issues, this research is motivated by the need for versatile, noncontact vital monitoring solutions applicable in various critical scenarios. This work also explores the challenges of extending this capability to an arbitrary number of subjects, including hardware and theoretical limitations. Supported by rigorous experimental results and discussions, the article illustrates the system's potential to redefine vital sign monitoring. A field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based implementation is also presented as proof of concept for a hardware-based and portable solution, improving upon previous works by offering <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">2.7\times </tex-math></inline-formula> faster execution and 18.4% less look-up table (LUT) utilization, as well as providing over <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">7400\times </tex-math></inline-formula> acceleration compared to its software counterpart.