Robust Energy-Efficient Analog Beamforming under Short Packets and Per-Antenna Power Constraints

• Published in: IEEE transactions on wireless communications p. 1
• Main Authors: Borras, Jordi, Molina, Francesc, Lopez-Valcarce, Roberto, Sala-Alvarez, Josep, Vazquez, Gregori
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: IEEE 2025
• Subjects: Analog beamforming; Array signal processing; Channel estimation; Energy efficiency; finite-resolution phase shifters; Millimeter wave communication; Phase shifters; Power demand; short-packet communication; Signal to noise ratio; Symbols; Ultra reliable low latency communication; Uncertainty
• ISSN: 1536-1276; 1558-2248
• DOI: 10.1109/TWC.2025.3563305

Designing energy-efficient beamformers is a major challenge to the deployment of battery-powered devices transmitting short data packets at millimeter-wave frequencies. In general, directly maximizing energy efficiency will not meet the stringent reliability requirements of certain Internet-of-Things applications. We focus on designing analog beamformers in a device-to-device setting under short packets, a finite encoder set, and imperfect channel knowledge. To guarantee the required error decoding performance, a two-step procedure is proposed such that beamformers are designed to minimize the power consumption subject to reliability constraints under worst-case channel estimation errors, and then the channel encoder maximizing the energy efficiency is selected. The proposed design enjoys a moderate loss under practical low-resolution phase shifters, and exhibits robustness to inaccurate channel estimators, which is crucial to the tradeoff between energy efficiency and error decoding performance.