Dischargeable Obligations in the CIFF Framework

• Published in: Fundamenta informaticae Vol. 176; no. 3-4; pp. 321 - 348
• Main Authors: Alberti, Marco, Gavanelli, Marco, Lamma, Evelina, Riguzzi, Fabrizio, Satoh, Ken, Zese, Riccardo
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London, England SAGE Publications 18.12.2020
• Subjects: Dischargement of expectations; Abductive Logic Programming; Normative reasoning; Constraint Logic Programming
• ISSN: 0169-2968; 1875-8681
• DOI: 10.3233/FI-2020-1976

Abductive Logic Programming (ALP) has been proven very effective for formalizing societies of agents, commitments and norms, in particular by mapping the most common deontic operators (obligation, prohibition, permission) to abductive expectations. In our previous works, we have shown that ALP is a suitable framework for representing norms. Normative reasoning and query answering were accommodated by the same abductive proof procedure, named CIFF. In this work, we introduce a defeasible flavour in this framework, in order to possibly discharge obligations in some scenarios. Abductive expectations can also be qualified as dischargeable, in the new, extended syntax. Both declarative and operational semantics are improved accordingly, and proof of soundness is given under syntax allowedness conditions Moreover, the dischargement itself might be proved invalid, or incoherent with the rules, due to new knowledge provided later on. In such a case, a discharged expectation might be reinstated and hold again after some evidence is given. We extend the notion of dischargement to take into consideration also the reinstatement of expectations. The expressiveness and power of the extended framework, named CIFF , is shown by modeling and reasoning upon a fragment of the Japanese Civil Code. In particular, we consider a case study concerning manifestations of intention and their rescission (Section II of the Japanese Civil Code).