Conservation Units, Environmental Services and Frontier Peasants in the Central Amazon: Multi-Functionality, Juxtaposition or Conflict?

• Published in: Climate Change, Culture, and Economics: Anthropological Investigations Vol. 35; pp. 65 - 105
• Main Authors: Bicalho, Ana Maria de Souza Mello, Hoefle, Scott William
• Format: Book Chapter
• Language: English
• Published: Emerald Group Publishing Limited 22.09.2015
• Subjects: Comparative & Historical Studies; Sociology; conservation and environmental services; Brazil; Central Amazon; Multi-functional livelihoods
• ISBN: 1785603612; 9781785603617
• ISSN: 0190-1281
• DOI: 10.1108/S0190-128120150000035004

Abstract Purpose To critically assess the contribution of community-based logging, low-carbon emission non-timber activities, and direct payment for environmental services in building sustainable rural livelihoods in the Amazon. Methodology/approach Fieldwork undertaken in 2008, 2010, and 2013 on sources of income for 110 interviewed families living in and around three different types of conservation units located on the advancing frontier in western Pará State. Findings Three scenarios identified with very different socio-environmental outcomes, (1) the multi-functional combination of agricultural and non-agricultural activities replaces frontier farming, reduces deforestation and carbon emissions, increases income, and promotes social inclusion, (2) the mere juxtaposition of green alternative activities alongside unsustainable frontier farming has limited regional impact, and (3) environmental restrictions interfere with rural livelihoods to the point that people to leave the countryside. Social implications Evaluation of the effectiveness of GO and NGO policies in one of the poorest and environmentally problematic regions of Brazil. Originality/value First-hand information at the family farmer level concerning sources of income from conventional and green land use systems which is essential for formulating viable socio-environmental policy capable of reducing deforestation and carbon emissions which negatively impact global climate change.