Effect of Evobrutinib on Slowly Expanding Lesion Volume in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis: A Post Hoc Analysis of a Phase 2 Trial

• Published in: Neurology Vol. 102; no. 5; p. e208058
• Main Authors: Arnold, Douglas L, Elliott, Colm, Martin, Emily C, Hyvert, Yann, Tomic, Davorka, Montalban, Xavier
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States 12.03.2024
• Subjects: Adult; Dimethyl Fumarate - therapeutic use; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Male; Multiple Sclerosis - drug therapy; Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting - diagnostic imaging; Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting - drug therapy; Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting - pathology; Piperidines - therapeutic use; Pyrimidines; Recurrence
• ISSN: 1526-632X
• DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000208058

Chronic active lesions (CALs) are demyelinated multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions with ongoing microglia/macrophage activity, resulting in irreversible neuronal damage and axonal loss. Evobrutinib is a highly selective, covalent, CNS-penetrant, Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor. This post hoc analysis evaluated the effect of evobrutinib on slowly expanding lesion (SEL) volume, an MRI marker of CALs, assessed baseline-week 48 in a phase 2, double-blind, randomized trial (NCT02975349) in relapsing MS (RMS). In the 48-week, double-blind trial, adult patients received evobrutinib (25 mg once daily [QD], 75 mg QD, or 75 mg twice daily [BID]), placebo (switched to evobrutinib 25 mg QD after week 24), or open-label dimethyl fumarate (DMF) 240 mg BID. SELs were defined as slowly and consistently radially expanding areas of preexisting T2 lesions of ≥10 contiguous voxels (∼30 mm ) over time. SELs were identified by MRI and assessed by the Jacobian determinant of the nonlinear deformation from baseline to week 48. SEL volume analysis, stratified by baseline T2 lesion volume tertiles, was based on week 48/end-of-treatment status (completers/non-completers). Treatment effect was analyzed using the stratified Hodges-Lehmann estimate of shift in distribution and stratified Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Comparisons of evobrutinib and DMF vs placebo/evobrutinib 25 mg QD were made. Subgroup analyses used pooled treatment groups (evobrutinib high dose [75 mg QD/BID] vs low dose [placebo/evobrutinib 25 mg QD]). The SEL analysis set included 223 patients (mean [SD] age: 42.4 [10.7] years; 69.3% female; 87.4% relapsing/remitting MS). Mean (SD) SEL volume was 2,099 (2,981.0) mm with evobrutinib 75 mg BID vs 2,681 (3,624.2) mm with placebo/evobrutinib 25 mg QD. Median number of SELs/patient ranged from 7 to 11 across treatments. SEL volume decreased with increasing evobrutinib dose vs placebo/evobrutinib 25 mg QD, and no difference with DMF vs placebo/evobrutinib 25 mg QD was noted. SEL volume significantly decreased with evobrutinib 75 mg BID vs placebo/evobrutinib 25 mg QD (-474.5 mm [-1,098.0 to -3.0], = 0.047) and vs DMF (-711.6 [-1,290.0 to -149.0], = 0.011). SEL volume was significantly reduced for evobrutinib high vs low dose within baseline Expanded Disability Status Scale ≥3.5 and longer disease duration (≥8.5 years) subgroups. Evobrutinib reduced SEL volume in a dose-dependent manner in RMS, with a significant reduction with evobrutinib 75 mg BID. This is evident that evobrutinib affects brain lesions associated with chronic inflammation and tissue loss. ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT02975349. Submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov on November 29, 2016. First patient enrolled: March 7, 2017. This study provides Class II evidence that evobrutinib reduces the volume of SELs assessed on MRI comparing baseline with week 48, in patients with RMS.