JUMP ABILITY AND FORCE-VELOCITY PROFILE IN RHYTHMIC GYMNASTICS

• Published in: Science of gymnastics journal Vol. 15; no. 2; pp. 225 - 237
• Main Authors: Ferreira Melo de Sá, Luciana, Leite, Isaura, Batista Santos, Amanda, Tristão Ávila Carvalho, Maria de Lurdes
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: 29.06.2023
• ISSN: 2232-2639; 1855-7171
• DOI: 10.52165/sgj.15.2.225-237

The jump is one of the main body elements in Rhythmic Gymnastics (RG). To perform it correctly, gymnasts must develop appropriate force and velocity levels to reach enough jump height to show the body shape during flight, as defined by the RG Code of Points. Jumping performance is influenced by the mechanical force-velocity (F-V) profile and the maximum power generated by the lower limbs. The F-V profile identification can provide a more accurate and complete mechanical representation of its capabilities and needs. This study aimed to analyse the F-V profile during the counter movement jump of RG athletes, identify the magnitude and direction of the imbalance between the two variables (force and velocity), and compare the jumping ability and mechanical variables of different age groups. Eighteen Portuguese gymnasts (average age 12.2±1.8 years) were evaluated, according to age group: beginner and youth gymnasts (G1- ages 10 to 12) and junior and senior gymnasts (G2 - ages 13 to 16), and according to the F-V profile imbalance detected. The data collection was performed after a covid-19 lockdown period. Results showed anthropometric differences between age groups but no differences in the F-V profile related variables. When gymnasts were compared according to the deficit, differences were found in variables force and velocity. Furthermore, 72.3% of the gymnasts presented force deficit, 11% presented velocity deficit and 16.6% were balanced. Considering the deficits found, the demands of the sport and of each athlete, it is essential to include strength training in the regular training routines of rhythmic gymnasts. Skok je najpomembnejše gibanje v ritmiki (RG). Za pravilno izvedbo morajo ritmičarke razviti ustrezne stopnje sile in hitrosti, da dosežejo dovolj višine skoka, da pokažejo poseben položaj telesa med letom, kot je opredeljeno v Pravilniku točkovanja RG. Na zmogljivost skakanja vplivata prerez mehanske sile in hitrosti (F-V) in največja moč, ki jo ustvarijo spodnji udi. Osebni prerez F-V lahko zagotovi natančnejšo in popolnejšo mehansko predstavitev njegovih zmogljivosti in potreb. Namen te raziskave je bil razčleniti prerez F-V med skokom v nasprotnem gibanju, ugotoviti velikost in smer neravnovesja med obema spremenljivkama (silo in hitrost) ter primerjati sposobnost skakanja in mehanske spremenljivke različnih starostnih skupin. Ocenjenih je bilo 18 portugalskih ritmičark (povprečna starost 12,2±1,8 leta) glede na starostne skupine: začetnice in mladinke (G1- od 10 do 12 let) ter mladinke in starejše ritmičarke (G2 - od 13 do 16 let); in glede na F-V zaznano neravnovesje prereza. Zbiranje podatkov je bilo izvedeno po obdobju osamitve zaradi covida-19. Rezultati so pokazali razlike v telesnih značilnostih med starostnimi skupinami, vendar nobenih razlik v spremenljivkah, povezanih s prerezom F-V. Pri primerjavi ritmičark glede na primanjkljaj so bile ugotovljene razlike v spremenljivkah sila in hitrost. Poleg tega je 72,3 % ritmičark pokazalo primanjkljaj sile, 11 % primanjkljaj hitrosti in 16,6 % rimtičark je imelo uravnotežene rezultate. Glede na ugotovljene primanjkljaje, zahteve športa in vsakega športnika, je nujno vključiti vadbo moči v redno vadbo ritmičark.