Biochar confers significant microbial resistance to ammonia toxicity in n-caproic acid production

• Published in: Water research (Oxford) Vol. 266; p. 122367
• Main Authors: Wu, Benteng, Lin, Richen, Gu, Jing, Yuan, Haoran, Murphy, Jerry D.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier Ltd 15.11.2024
• Subjects: Ammonia inhibition; Biochar; Electron syntrophy; Metagenomics; n-Caproic acid; Electron syntrophy; Metagenomics; Ammonia inhibition; Biochar; n-Caproic acid
• ISSN: 0043-1354; 1879-2448; 1879-2448
• DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122367

•Ammonia stress at 4 g N/L reduced n-caproate yields by 85 %.•Biochar enhanced n-caproate yields by 40 to 158 % under 1 to 8 g N/L ammonia stress.•Enhancements were related to improved ETS activities and electrical conductivity.•Biochar selectively protected electroactive bacteria Sporanaerobacter.•Metagenomics revealed biochar up-regulated direct electron transfer related genes. Microbial chain elongation integrating innovative bioconversion technologies with organic waste utilization can transition current energy-intensive n-caproic acid production to sustainable circular bioeconomy systems. However, ammonia-rich waste streams, despite their suitability, pose inhibitory challenges to these bioconversion processes. Herein, biochar was employed as an additive to enhance the activity of chain elongating microbes under ammonia inhibition conditions, with an objective to detail underlying mechanisms of improvements. Biochar addition significantly improved chain elongation performance even under severe ammonia stress (exceeding 8 g N/L), increasing n-caproic acid yields by 40 % to 158 % and reducing lag times by 51 % to 90 %, compared with the best-performing group without biochar addition. The material contribution to n-caproic production reached up to 94.3 % (at 4 g N/L). These enhancements were mainly attributed to the new electron syntrophy induced by biochar, which improved electron transfer system activity and electrical conductivity of the fermentation system. This is further substantiated by increased relative abundances of the genus Sporanaerobacter, electroactive bacteria, and up-regulated direct electron transfer-related genes including conductive pili and c-type cytochrome. This study demonstrates that biochar can confer robust resilience to ammonia toxicity in functional microbes, paving a way for efficient and sustainable n-caproic acid production. [Display omitted]