Symmetries in particle physics: from nuclear isospin to the quark model

• Published in: European journal of physics Vol. 45; no. 6; pp. 65402 - 65442
• Main Authors: Berganholi, Bruno, Dorsch, Gláuber C, Sena, Beatriz M D, do Valle, Giovanna F
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: IOP Publishing 01.11.2024
• Subjects: group representation theory; isospin; particle physics; quark model; symmetries
• ISSN: 0143-0807; 1361-6404
• DOI: 10.1088/1361-6404/ad7c98

Abstract We present a concise pedagogic introduction to group representation theory motivated by the historical developments surrounding the advent of the Eightfold Way. Abstract definitions of groups and representations are avoided in favour of the physical intuition of symmetries of the nuclear interaction. The concept of nuclear isospin is used as a physical motivation to introduce SU(2) and discuss the main techniques of representation theory. The discovery of strange particles motivates extending the symmetry group to SU(3), at first in the context of the Sakata model. We highlight the successes in fitting mesons in the SU(3) octet, discuss the drawbacks of the Sakata model for baryonic classifications, and how the Eightfold Way finally led to the quark model. This approach has two major advantages: (i) the main concepts of the theory of Lie groups are introduced and discussed without ever losing touch with its applications in particle physics; (ii) it allows the beginner to study group theory while also becoming acquainted with the historical developments of particle physics that led to the concept of quarks. In particular, in this pedagogical path the quarks appear as yet another class of particles predicted from symmetry principles, rather than being introduced ad hoc for postulating an SU(3) symmetry, as usually done in the literature.