52: Clinical Features and Management of Pediatric Patients Presenting with New Onset Acute Leukemia and Concomitant COVID-19

• Published in: Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society Vol. 10; no. Supplement_2; p. S4
• Main Authors: Patel, Pratik A, Lapp, Stacey A, Hussaini, Laila, Lu, Austin, Anderson, Evan J, Rostad, Christina A, Stokes, Claire L, Pauly, Melinda G
• Format: Journal Article Web Resource
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford Oxford University Press 28.06.2021
• ISSN: 2048-7207; 2048-7207
• DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piab031.006

Abstract Background Infections represent a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in pediatric patients undergoing treatment for hematologic malignancies. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has led to a worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and pediatric patients with cancer appear to be at higher risk of severe disease than reported in the general pediatric population. Data are limited on the optimal management of children infected with SARS-CoV-2 and a new diagnosis of leukemia. The objective of this study was to describe our experience of six children who presented with a new diagnosis of acute leukemia and concurrent COVID-19. Methods The study was IRB approved and children were enrolled following informed consent and assent as appropriate for age. The clinical presentations, serologic responses, treatments, and outcomes of patients who presented with acute leukemia and concurrent SARS-CoV-2 infection were abstracted. Residual blood was tested by ELISA for quantitative IgG to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD). Results From March 1, 2020 to Dec 31, 2020, 6 patients were identified with a new diagnosis of acute leukemia and SARS-CoV-2 infection including 3 with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and 3 with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The median age of our cohort was 9 years old (range 1 to 19 years old), 5 of 6 were male, and 4 of 6 patients were Hispanic. All 6 patients presented with symptoms that could be attributed to COVID-19 or acute leukemia, with fever being the most common. All 3 of the AML patients presented with hyperleukocytosis (white blood cell count > 50 x 109/L) and required oxygen therapy and intensive care. At the time of presentation, all patients with specimens available (n=5) had IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 RBD. All patients received COVID-19 directed therapy, with remdesivir (n=5) and convalescent plasma (n=5) being the most common. Chemotherapy was modified or delayed in 5 of the 6 patients. The patient who received standard AML chemotherapy without awaiting COVID-19 directed treatment had delayed serologic response, delayed viral clearance from the nasopharynx, protracted respiratory failure, and ultimately died. For patients with a 12-week follow-up (n=5), 2 patients with AML had died, and the ALL patients were in remission and continuing their leukemia treatment. Conclusion COVID-19 may present concurrently in children with new onset leukemia resulting in severe morbidity and mortality. Our experience adds to growing evidence that children with AML and SARS-CoV-2 infection are at risk for severe COVID-19. Screening for SARS-CoV-2 infection with subsequent delay in chemotherapy and administration of COVID-19 directed therapies should be considered for pediatric patients with newly diagnosed acute leukemia and COVID-19.