Structure and function of the global topsoil microbiome

• Published in: Nature (London) Vol. 560; no. 7717; pp. 233 - 237
• Main Authors: Bahram, Mohammad, Hildebrand, Falk, Forslund, Sofia K., Anderson, Jennifer L., Soudzilovskaia, Nadejda A., Bodegom, Peter M., Bengtsson-Palme, Johan, Anslan, Sten, Coelho, Luis Pedro, Harend, Helery, Huerta-Cepas, Jaime, Medema, Marnix H., Maltz, Mia R., Mundra, Sunil, Olsson, Pål Axel, Pent, Mari, Põlme, Sergei, Sunagawa, Shinichi, Ryberg, Martin, Tedersoo, Leho, Bork, Peer
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London Nature Publishing Group UK 01.08.2018; Nature Publishing Group
• Subjects: 631/158/855; 631/326/2565/855; 704/158/852; accurate; Antagonism; Antibiotics; Bacteria; Bacteria - genetics; Bacteria - isolation & purification; bacterial; Bacterial genetics; Biodiversity; Biogeography; Bioinformatica; Bioinformatics; Biologi; Biological Sciences; Biomass; Carbon cycle; Carbon sequestration; Communities; Composition; Cycles; Datasets; Deoxyribonucleic acid; Distribution patterns; diversity; DNA; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic; Drug Resistance, Microbial - genetics; Earth (Planet); Ecosystems; Environmental associations; Environmental organizations; EPS; Filtration; fungal; Fungi; Fungi - genetics; Fungi - isolation & purification; Genes; Genetic diversity; Genomes; Harbors; Humanities and Social Sciences; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Identification and classification; Letter; Marine biology; Markvetenskap; Metagenomics; Microbial activity; Microbial drug resistance; Microbiology; Microbiomes; Microbiota - genetics; Microbiota - physiology; Microorganisms; Mikrobiologi; multidisciplinary; Natural Sciences; Naturvetenskap; Niches (Ecology); Nutrient cycles; Oceans; Oceans and Seas; Phylogenetics; Precipitation; Precipitation (Meteorology); Rain; read alignment; Science; Science (multidisciplinary); Seawater - microbiology; sequences; soil; Soil acidity; Soil carbon; Soil chemistry; Soil Microbiology; Soil microorganisms; Soil pH; Soil Science; Soil structure; Soils; Structure-function relationships; Taxonomy; Topsoil; United States > US
• ISSN: 0028-0836; 1476-4687; 1476-4687
• DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0386-6

Soils harbour some of the most diverse microbiomes on Earth and are essential for both nutrient cycling and carbon storage. To understand soil functioning, it is necessary to model the global distribution patterns and functional gene repertoires of soil microorganisms, as well as the biotic and environmental associations between the diversity and structure of both bacterial and fungal soil communities 1 – 4 . Here we show, by leveraging metagenomics and metabarcoding of global topsoil samples (189 sites, 7,560 subsamples), that bacterial, but not fungal, genetic diversity is highest in temperate habitats and that microbial gene composition varies more strongly with environmental variables than with geographic distance. We demonstrate that fungi and bacteria show global niche differentiation that is associated with contrasting diversity responses to precipitation and soil pH. Furthermore, we provide evidence for strong bacterial–fungal antagonism, inferred from antibiotic-resistance genes, in topsoil and ocean habitats, indicating the substantial role of biotic interactions in shaping microbial communities. Our results suggest that both competition and environmental filtering affect the abundance, composition and encoded gene functions of bacterial and fungal communities, indicating that the relative contributions of these microorganisms to global nutrient cycling varies spatially. Metagenomic, chemical and biomass analyses of topsoil samples from around the world reveal spatial and environmental trends in microbial community composition and genetic diversity.