Pancreatic cancer risk and levels of trace elements

• Published in: Gut Vol. 61; no. 11; pp. 1583 - 1588
• Main Authors: Amaral, André F S, Porta, Miquel, Silverman, Debra T, Milne, Roger L, Kogevinas, Manolis, Rothman, Nathaniel, Cantor, Kenneth P, Jackson, Brian P, Pumarega, José A, López, Tomàs, Carrato, Alfredo, Guarner, Luisa, Real, Francisco X, Malats, Núria
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Society of Gastroenterology 01.11.2012; BMJ Publishing Group; BMJ Publishing Group LTD
• Subjects: Adult; Age Distribution; Aged; Arsenic; Arsenic - analysis; Biological and medical sciences; Biomarkers, Tumor - analysis; Bladder cancer; Cadmium; Cadmium - analysis; cancer; Case-Control Studies; Confidence Intervals; Diabetes; epidemiology; epithelial differentiation; Family medical history; Female; Fingers & toes; Gastroenterology. Liver. Pancreas. Abdomen; genetics; Health risk assessment; Humans; Incidence; Lead; Lead - analysis; Lead content; Liver. Biliary tract. Portal circulation. Exocrine pancreas; Logistic Models; Male; Medical sciences; Middle Aged; molecular carcinogenesis; molecular epidemiology; molecular oncology; mucins; Nails - chemistry; Nickel - analysis; Odds Ratio; Pancreas; Pancreas, Exocrine - metabolism; Pancreas, Exocrine - pathology; Pancreatic cancer; pancreatic epidemiology; Pancreatic Neoplasms - diagnosis; Pancreatic Neoplasms - epidemiology; Pancreatic Neoplasms - metabolism; pancreatic tumours; Pathogenesis; polymorphic variation; Prognosis; Quality control; Retrospective Studies; Risk Assessment; Selenium; Selenium - analysis; Sex Distribution; Smoking; Spain - epidemiology; statistics; Studies; Testing laboratories; Tobacco; Trace Elements - analysis; Tumors; Water pollution; Spain; Trace element; Pancreas cancer; Risk factor; Gastroenterology; Digestive diseases; Malignant tumor; Cancer; Pancreatic disease
• ISSN: 0017-5749; 1468-3288; 1468-3288
• DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2011-301086

Background and Aims Knowledge on the aetiology of exocrine pancreatic cancer (EPC) is scant. The best established risk factor for EPC is tobacco smoking. Among other carcinogens, tobacco contains cadmium, a metal previously associated with an increased risk of EPC. This study evaluated the association between concentrations of trace elements in toenails and EPC risk. Methods The study included 118 EPC cases and 399 hospital controls from eastern Spain. Levels of 12 trace elements were determined in toenail samples by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. OR and 95% CI, adjusted for potential confounders, were calculated using logistic regression. Results Significantly increased risks of EPC were observed among subjects whose concentrations of cadmium (OR 3.58, 95% CI 1.86 to 6.88; ptrend=5×10−6), arsenic (OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.08 to 3.78; ptrend=0.009) and lead (OR 6.26, 95% CI 2.71 to 14.47; ptrend=3×10−5) were in the highest quartile. High concentrations of selenium (OR 0.05, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.15; ptrend=8×10−11) and nickel (OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.59; ptrend=2×10−4) were inversely associated with the risk of EPC. Conclusion Novel associations are reported of lead, nickel and selenium toenail concentrations with pancreas cancer risk. Furthermore, the results confirm previous associations with cadmium and arsenic. These novel findings, if replicated in independent studies, would point to an important role of trace elements in pancreatic carcinogenesis.