Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with azithromycin selects for anti-inflammatory microbial metabolites in the emphysematous lung

• Published in: Thorax Vol. 72; no. 1; pp. 13 - 22
• Main Authors: Segal, Leopoldo N, Clemente, Jose C, Wu, Benjamin G, Wikoff, William R, Gao, Zhan, Li, Yonghua, Ko, Jane P, Rom, William N, Blaser, Martin J, Weiden, Michael D
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England BMJ Publishing Group LTD 01.01.2017; BMJ Publishing Group
• Series: Original article
• Subjects: Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents - pharmacology; Anti-Bacterial Agents - therapeutic use; Antibiotics; Azithromycin - pharmacology; Azithromycin - therapeutic use; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid - chemistry; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid - microbiology; Bronchoscopy; Chemokine CXCL1 - analysis; Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; Cytokines - analysis; Double-Blind Method; Emphysema; Female; Glycolates - metabolism; Humans; Indoleacetic Acids - metabolism; Inflammation; Inflammation - drug therapy; Interleukin-12 Subunit p40 - analysis; Interleukin-13 - analysis; Lavage; Linoleic Acid - metabolism; Lung - microbiology; Macrophages, Alveolar; Male; Metabolites; Metabolome - drug effects; Microbiota; Microbiota - drug effects; Middle Aged; Pharmacy; Pulmonary Emphysema; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S - analysis; Taxonomy; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha - analysis; New York; United States > US; Bronchoscopy; COPD ÀÜ Mechanisms
• ISSN: 0040-6376; 1468-3296
• DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-208599

IntroductionAzithromycin (AZM) reduces pulmonary inflammation and exacerbations in patients with COPD having emphysema. The antimicrobial effects of AZM on the lower airway microbiome are not known and may contribute to its beneficial effects. Here we tested whether AZM treatment affects the lung microbiome and bacterial metabolites that might contribute to changes in levels of inflammatory cytokines in the airways.Methods20 smokers (current or ex-smokers) with emphysema were randomised to receive AZM 250 mg or placebo daily for 8 weeks. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed at baseline and after treatment. Measurements performed in acellular BAL fluid included 16S rRNA gene sequences and quantity; 39 cytokines, chemokines and growth factors and 119 identified metabolites. The response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by alveolar macrophages after ex-vivo treatment with AZM or bacterial metabolites was assessed.ResultsCompared with placebo, AZM did not alter bacterial burden but reduced α-diversity, decreasing 11 low abundance taxa, none of which are classical pulmonary pathogens. Compared with placebo, AZM treatment led to reduced in-vivo levels of chemokine (C-X-C) ligand 1 (CXCL1), tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-13 and IL-12p40 in BAL, but increased bacterial metabolites including glycolic acid, indol-3-acetate and linoleic acid. Glycolic acid and indol-3-acetate, but not AZM, blunted ex-vivo LPS-induced alveolar macrophage generation of CXCL1, TNF-α, IL-13 and IL-12p40.ConclusionAZM treatment altered both lung microbiota and metabolome, affecting anti-inflammatory bacterial metabolites that may contribute to its therapeutic effects.Trial registration numberNCT02557958.