Are all n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids created equal?

• Published in: Lipids in health and disease Vol. 8; no. 1; p. 33
• Main Authors: Anderson, Breanne M, Ma, David W L
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England BioMed Central Ltd 10.08.2009; BioMed Central; BMC
• Subjects: Animals; Anticarcinogenic Agents - administration & dosage; Antineoplastic Agents - administration & dosage; Cardiovascular Diseases - prevention & control; Chronic Disease - prevention & control; Chronic diseases; Diet; Fatty acids; Fatty Acids, Omega-3 - administration & dosage; Fatty Acids, Omega-3 - adverse effects; Fatty Acids, Omega-3 - metabolism; Health aspects; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Medical research; Metabolites; Neoplasms - etiology; Neoplasms - prevention & control; Nutrition; Physiological aspects; Reproducibility of Results; Research Design; Review; Risk Factors; Unsaturated fatty acids; Canada
• ISSN: 1476-511X; 1476-511X
• DOI: 10.1186/1476-511X-8-33

N-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids have been shown to have potential beneficial effects for chronic diseases including cancer, insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in particular have been studied extensively, whereas substantive evidence for a biological role for the precursor, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), is lacking. It is not enough to assume that ALA exerts effects through conversion to EPA and DHA, as the process is highly inefficient in humans. Thus, clarification of ALA's involvement in health and disease is essential, as it is the principle n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid consumed in the North American diet and intakes of EPA and DHA are typically very low. There is evidence suggesting that ALA, EPA and DHA have specific and potentially independent effects on chronic disease. Therefore, this review will assess our current understanding of the differential effects of ALA, EPA and DHA on cancer, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease. Potential mechanisms of action will also be reviewed. Overall, a better understanding of the individual role for ALA, EPA and DHA is needed in order to make appropriate dietary recommendations regarding n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid consumption.