Cost-effectiveness of tenofovir prophylaxis during pregnancy for the elimination of mother-to-child transmission of the hepatitis B virus: real-world analysis from Thailand

• Published in: BMJ open Vol. 13; no. 7; p. e067275
• Main Authors: Janekrongtham, Chawisar, Punsuwan, Niramon, Thitichai, Phanthanee, Lertpiriyasuwat, Cheewanan, Pan-ngum, Wirichada, Poovorawan, Kittiyod, Jantarapakde, Jureeporn, Tangkijvanich, Pisit
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England British Medical Journal Publishing Group 19.07.2023; BMJ Publishing Group LTD; BMJ Publishing Group
• Series: Original research
• Subjects: Antigens; Antiretroviral drugs; Antiviral Agents - therapeutic use; Babies; Cost analysis; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Cost-effectiveness; Decision trees; Disease prevention; elimination of maternal tochildtransmission (EMTCT; Female; HBIG-free; Health Economics; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis B - drug therapy; Hepatitis B e Antigens - therapeutic use; hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens; Hepatitis B virus; HIV; Human immunodeficiency virus; Humans; Immunization; Infant; Infections; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical - prevention & control; Intervention; Medical records; Mothers; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious - drug therapy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious - prevention & control; Retrospective Studies; Tenofovir - therapeutic use; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (TDF; Thailand; Vaccines; viral hepatitis B; Viral Load; Womens health; Thailand; United States > US; HBIG-free; viral hepatitis B; elimination of maternal tochildtransmission (EMTCT; hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG; Thailand; Cost-effectiveness; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (TDF
• ISSN: 2044-6055; 2044-6055
• DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067275

ObjectiveDespite implementing hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) and vaccination, data suggest it would not be sufficient to reach the elimination targets. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) has been added to the Thai national standards of care for prevention of transmission of the hepatitis B virus during birth. To optimise national strategies in Thailand, we assessed TDF’s effectiveness for prevention of mother-to-child transmission and conducted cost-effectiveness analyses of different TDF-based strategies.Research design and methodsWe retrospectively reviewed medical records of mother and infant pairs whose mothers were positive for hepatitis B e-antigen (HBeAg) and received TDF to prevent maternal transmission of viral hepatitis B during 2018–2020. Based on the available data on transmission rate, we also applied a decision tree to estimate the cost-effectiveness of different TDF-based strategies to eligible mothers. These included: (1) HBIG for all hepatitis B virus (HBV) exposed infants; (2) HBIG for only infants of HBeAg-positive mothers (‘HBIG for e-positive’) and (3) without HBIG to infants (‘HBIG-free’). The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio between the different strategies and baseline intervention without TDF was calculated. The one-way sensitivity analysis was used to adjust prevalence of HBeAg-positive mothers, cost of HBIG, cost of TDF and transmission rate.ResultsOf 223 infants enrolled, 212 (95.0%) received HBIG, while 11 (5.0%) did not. None of the infants had chronic HBV infection. The most cost-saving intervention was ‘HBIG-free’ followed by ‘HBIG for e-positive’. The one-way sensitivity demonstrated that the results were reasonably robust to changes. The cost-saving was greater with a higher hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) prevalence. The HBIG-free strategy remained best at 0%–1.4% transmission rates, meeting the additional target for eliminations.ConclusionThe study is the first cost-effectiveness analyses to provide evidence supporting an HBIG-free strategy in an antiviral era. This approach should be considered to prevent mother-to-child transmission in resource-constrained settings, particularly in countries with a high HBsAg prevalence.