Clinical risk factors for pre-eclampsia determined in early pregnancy: systematic review and meta-analysis of large cohort studies

• Published in: BMJ (Online) Vol. 353; no. 8054; p. i1753
• Main Authors: Bartsch, Emily, Medcalf, Karyn E, Park, Alison L, Ray, Joel G
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England BMJ Publishing Group LTD 19.04.2016; BMJ Publishing Group Ltd
• Subjects: Aspirin; Aspirin - therapeutic use; Body Mass Index; Chronic Disease; Clinical trials; Cohort analysis; Cohort Studies; Confidence intervals; Diabetes; Disease prevention; Early Diagnosis; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced; Midwifery; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors - therapeutic use; Pre-Eclampsia - diagnosis; Pre-Eclampsia - prevention & control; Preeclampsia; Pregnancy; Pregnancy in Diabetics; Pregnancy Trimester, First; Pregnancy Trimester, Second; Prenatal Diagnosis - methods; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Reproductive Techniques, Assisted - adverse effects; Risk Factors; Women
• ISSN: 1756-1833; 0959-8138; 1756-1833
• DOI: 10.1136/bmj.i1753

Objective To develop a practical evidence based list of clinical risk factors that can be assessed by a clinician at ≤16 weeks’ gestation to estimate a woman’s risk of pre-eclampsia.Design Systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.Data sources PubMed and Embase databases, 2000-15.Eligibility criteria for selecting studies Cohort studies with ≥1000 participants that evaluated the risk of pre-eclampsia in relation to a common and generally accepted clinical risk factor assessed at ≤16 weeks’ gestation.Data extraction Two independent reviewers extracted data from included studies. A pooled event rate and pooled relative risk for pre-eclampsia were calculated for each of 14 risk factors.Results There were 25 356 688 pregnancies among 92 studies. The pooled relative risk for each risk factor significantly exceeded 1.0, except for prior intrauterine growth restriction. Women with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome had the highest pooled rate of pre-eclampsia (17.3%, 95% confidence interval 6.8% to 31.4%). Those with prior pre-eclampsia had the greatest pooled relative risk (8.4, 7.1 to 9.9). Chronic hypertension ranked second, both in terms of its pooled rate (16.0%, 12.6% to 19.7%) and pooled relative risk (5.1, 4.0 to 6.5) of pre-eclampsia. Pregestational diabetes (pooled rate 11.0%, 8.4% to 13.8%; pooled relative risk 3.7, 3.1 to 4.3), prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) >30 (7.1%, 6.1% to 8.2%; 2.8, 2.6 to 3.1), and use of assisted reproductive technology (6.2%, 4.7% to 7.9%; 1.8, 1.6 to 2.1) were other prominent risk factors.Conclusions There are several practical clinical risk factors that, either alone or in combination, might identify women in early pregnancy who are at “high risk” of pre-eclampsia. These data can inform the generation of a clinical prediction model for pre-eclampsia and the use of aspirin prophylaxis in pregnancy.